Treatment strategy for vertebral metastases from anal squamous cell carcinoma: a comprehensive literature review and case report.

Purpose/aim of the study: Purpose/aim of the study:Central nervous system (CNS), skull, and vertebral metastases from anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are an exceedingly rare entity. We report the first case of multiple vertebral metastases from a primary anal SCC with the aim of define a target therapeutic strategy.Case presentation: We present the case of a 68-year-old male admitted to our hospital for acute exacerbation chronic low back pain and left L2 radiculopathy. His medical history included the diagnosis of a human papilloma virus related, moderately differentiated anal SCC (cT3N0M0-stage IIB), treated with standard chemoradiotherapy regimen two years earlier. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging revealed an isolated solid lesion of the L2 vertebral body. After the surgical removal, histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of moderately differentiated SCC. At 1-month radiological follow-up, two new lesions at the level of T7 to T11 were identified. Additional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for metastatic localization of L2, T7, and T11 were administered. Two-year follow-up demonstrated a radiologically and clinically well-controlled disease. To supplement our case, a systematic literature review on the CNS, skull, and vertebral metastases and their treatments has been performed.Conclusion: Despite several proposed guidelines for the management of vertebral metastases, at present, a universally accepted treatment strategy for vertebral metastases from anal SCC has not been defined. Based on our clinical experience and literature review, in case of vertebral metastases from anal SCC, a prompt and aggressive, local and systemic, and multimodal treatment of the vertebral lesions may be paramount to improve the patient outcomes.