Prevalence and genotype distribution of viral hepatitis B in Cambodia between 1990 and 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major public health problems globally as well as in Cambodia. Continuous information on HBV infection burden is required to implement effective disease control strategies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of HBV infection in Cambodia through a systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS: Four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were used to search published studies reporting either HBV prevalence or genotype distribution in Cambodia until August 21, 2020. Reviews, modeling studies, and studies conducted among Cambodian permanently living abroad were excluded. The Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation was implemented to achieve approximate normality. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute pooled estimates based on the transformed values and their variance. Possible publication bias was assessed by the Egger test and the funnel plot. RESULTS: A total of 22 studies were included, covering 22,323 people. Ten studies reported HBV prevalence in the general population. The HBV infection prevalence was 4.73% (95%CI 2.75-7.17%) in the general population and 19.87% (95%CI 10.95-30.63%) in high-risk/co-infected groups. By sub-group analysis, the prevalence was 6.81% (95% CI 4.43-9.66) in adults older than 15 years old, 2.37% (95% CI0.04-7.05) in children 6-15 years old, and 2.47% (95% CI 0.96-4.59) in children less than five years old. The prevalence of HBV infection decreased over time. Predominant HBV genotypes were genotypes C and B with 82.96% and 16.79%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in HBV infection prevalence in Cambodia demonstrates the effects of national hepatitis B immunization, improved clinical hygiene, and the use of disposable devices. However, the estimated HBV prevalence among the general population indicates an intermediate endemicity level of HBV infection. Therefore, population screening and linkage to care, high vaccination coverage, health promotion, and HBV surveillance are essential to meet the WHO 2030 goal.