131I-BSA@CuS, 131I-labeled BSA-modified CuS nanoparticles; 5-ALA, 5-Aminolevulinic acid; ASIR, age-standardized rates of cancer incidence; ATC, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma; Au@MSNs, photo-triggered Gold nanodots capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles; AuNCs@BSA-I, innovative iodinated gold nanoclusters; BRAF, V-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B; CBDCA, Carboplatin; CDFI, color doppler flow imaging ultrasound; CLND, central compartmentalized node dissection; CPDA-131I NPs, the 131I-radiolabeled cerebroid polydopamine nano-particles; CT, Computed Tomography; DOT, Diffuse Optical Tomography; DTC, differentiated thyroid cancer; ECDT, enhanced chemodynamical therapy; EGF, epidermal growth factor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ESMO, European Society of Medical Oncology; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FI, fluorescence imaging; FNAB, fine-needle aspiration biopsy; FNAs, fine needle aspirations; FTC, follicular thyroid carcinoma; GC, germinal center; HAOA, Hyaluronic Acid and Oleic Acid; HYP, hypericin; ICG, indocyanine green; IJV, internal jugular vein; IR825@B-PPNs, Polymeric NPs with bevacizumab and IR825 conjugated on the surface; L-A PTA, laparoscopic photothermal ablation; MDR, multidrug resistance; MTC, medullary thyroid carcinoma; Multimodal therapy; NIR, near-infrared; NIR-FI, near-infrared fluorescence imaging; NIR-PIT, near-infrared photoimmunotherapy; NIRF, near-infrared fluorescence; NMRI, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging; OCT, Optical Coherence Tomography; OI, optical imaging; OS, overall survival; Optical imaging; Optical imaging-guided surgery; PAI, Photoacoustic Imaging; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PET, Positron Emission Tomography; PGs, parathyroid glands; PLP, porphyrin-HDL nanoparticle; PTA, photothermal reagents; PTC, papillary thyroid carcinoma; PTT, photothermal therapy; Pd-MOF, porphyrin­palladium metal­organic framework; Phototherapy; RIT, radioactive iodine therapy; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SEC, Selenocysteine; SV, subclavian vein; SiRNA, interfering RNA; TC, thyroid cancer; TD, Thoracic Duct; TF, tissue factor; Thyroid cancer; mETE, microscopic extrathyroidal extension