Mechanisms Underlying Brain Aging Under Normal and Pathological Conditions.

Aging is a major risk factor for many human diseases, including cognitive impairment, which affects a large population of the elderly. In the past few decades, our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the changes associated with aging and age-related diseases has expanded greatly, shedding light on the potential role of these changes in cognitive impairment. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding of the mechanisms underlying brain aging under normal and pathological conditions, compare their similarities and differences, discuss the causative and adaptive mechanisms of brain aging, and finally attempt to find some rules to guide us on how to promote healthy aging and prevent age-related diseases.