Large-scale heterogeneities can alter the characteristics of compressive failure and accelerated seismic release.

ABSTRACT

Externally stressed brittle rocks fail once the stress is sufficiently high. This failure is typically preceded by a pronounced increase in the total energy of acoustic emission (AE) events, the so-called accelerated seismic release. Yet, other characteristics of approaching the failure point such as the presence or absence of variations in the AE size distribution and, similarly, whether the failure point can be interpreted as a critical point in a statistical physics sense differs across experiments. Here, we show that large-scale stress heterogeneities induced by a notch fundamentally change the characteristics of the failure point in triaxial compression experiments under a constant displacement rate on Westerly granite samples. Specifically, we observe accelerated seismic release without a critical point and no change in power-law exponent ε of the AE size distribution. This is in contrast to intact samples, which exhibit a significant decrease in ε before failure. Our findings imply that the presence or absence of large-scale heterogeneities play a significant role in our ability to predict compressive failure in rock.