Interplay of energy metabolism and autophagy.

ABSTRACT

Macroautophagy/autophagy, is widely recognized for its crucial role in enabling cell survival and maintaining cellular energy homeostasis during starvation or energy stress. Its regulation is intricately linked to cellular energy status. In this review, covering yeast, mammals, and plants, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the understanding of the roles and mechanisms of carbon- or glucose-deprivation related autophagy, showing how cells effectively respond to such challenges for survival. Further investigation is needed to determine the specific degraded substrates by autophagy during glucose or energy deprivation and the diverse roles and mechanisms during varying durations of energy starvation.Abbreviations ADP adenosine diphosphate; AMP adenosine monophosphate; AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG autophagy related; ATP adenosine triphosphate; ER endoplasmic reticulum; ESCRT endosomal sorting complex required for transport; GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GD glucose deprivation; GFP green fluorescent protein; GTPases guanosine triphosphatases; HK2 hexokinase 2; K phaffii Komagataella phaffii; LD lipid droplet; MAP1LC3/LC3 microtubule-associated protein1 light chain 3; MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase; Mec1 mitosis entry checkpoint 1; MTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NAD (+) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; OGD oxygen and glucose deprivation; PAS phagophore assembly site; PCD programmed cell death; PtdIns3K class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; ROS reactive oxygen species; S. cerevisiae Saccharomyces cerevisiae; SIRT1 sirtuin 1; Snf1 sucrose non-fermenting 1; STK11/LKB1 serine/threonine kinase 11; TFEB transcription factor EB; TORC1 target of rapamycin complex 1; ULK1 unc-51 like kinase 1; Vps27 vacuolar protein sorting 27; Vps4 vacuolar protein sorting 4.