Illicit cigarette market in Georgia: potential impacts on smoking prevalence and tax revenues.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the impact of taxation measures implemented between 2017 and 2019 on the illicit cigarette market in Georgia and to assess the potential effects of its full elimination on smoking rates and tax revenues. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional and observational study. METHODS: The study uses the gap analysis method to estimate the size of the illicit market by comparing self-reported cigarette consumption with tax-paid cigarette sales. Potential changes in cigarette consumption are calculated using estimates of price demand elasticity and the price difference between licit and illicit cigarettes. The applicable excise tax is then applied to the estimated change in licit cigarette consumption to determine the potential change in tax revenues. RESULTS: In 2020, illicit cigarettes accounted for 6.4% of the market, which decreased to 0.6% in 2021. Eliminating the illicit cigarette market could potentially reduce the number of smokers by 0.5% in 2020 and 0.1% in 2021. It could also lead to a 2.8% increase in excise tax revenues in 2020 and a 0.2% increase in 2021. The study highlights a notable shift in consumer behavior since 2019 toward smoking roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: Tax increases did not have a significant impact on the size of the illicit market in Georgia. The shift in consumer preference toward RYO cigarettes may explain why the illicit cigarette market did not expand after the tax hikes. However, this shift diminishes the effectiveness of taxation policies in reducing smoking rates and leads to a decline in excise tax collection.