Design and synthesis of 3,4-seco-lupane triterpene derivatives to resist myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction via the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α axis.

ABSTRACT

In this study, 86 new seco-lupane triterpenoid derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized, and their protective activities against ischemia-reperfusion injury were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that most target compounds could protect cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury in vitro, with compound 85 being the most active and exhibiting more potent protective activity than clinical first-line drugs. Furthermore, all thiophene derivatives exhibited stronger protective activity than furan, pyridine, and pyrazine derivatives, and the protective activity gradually increased with the extension of the alkyl chain and changed in the substituent. The data from the in-vitro and in-vivo experiments revealed that compound 85 protected mitochondria from damage by inhibiting excessive production of oxidative stressors, such as intracellular ROS, which in turn inhibited the apoptosis and necrotize of cardiomyocytes and reduced infarct size, thereby protecting normal cardiac function. It was associated with enhanced activation of the PI3K/AKT-mediated HIF-1α signaling pathway. Therefore, compound 85 acts as an oxidative stress inhibitor, blocks ROS production, protects mitochondria and cells from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, and represents an effective new drug for treating MI/R injury.