Follow-up for the upper urinary tract in patients with high-risk neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (nLUTD) can be at risk of preventable damage to the upper urinary tract (UUT), a risk that varies with the underlying diagnosis. Existing literature fails to document precisely which domains of UUT must be followed. This review focusses on surveillance of UUT with special emphasis on high-risk nLUTD. METHODS: Narrative review of available evidence and current global guidelines to identify patients of nLUTD at higher risk of UUT damage and to define each domain that needs to be followed. RESULTS: Patients with open spina bifida, spinal cord injury, and anorectal malformation, as well as those with unsafe features on clinical evaluation or urodynamics should be considered at high risk. Structured program should include evaluation of (1) glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which can be estimated ± measured, (2) renal growth (in pre-pubertal children) by ultrasonography, (3) renal scarring by baseline nuclear renogram, (4) hydronephrosis and stones by ultrasonography, (5) vesicoureteral reflux by baseline video-urodynamics, (6) non-GFR measures of renal function (somatic growth, hypertension, proteinuria, anemia and metabolic acidemia). Serum creatinine-based estimations of GFR are more likely to be confounded in select patients with high-risk nLUTD than cystatin-based estimations and measured-GFR. Urological guidelines do not always describe details of UUT surveillance and appear to lack cognizance of nephrology guidelines for evaluation of kidneys. CONCLUSION: A structured surveillance protocol that includes clear documentation of each domain of the UUT is important in ensuring optimum care for patients with high-risk nLUTD.