Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasI-dependent plant growth promotion requires the host nitrate transceptor AtNRT1.1/CHL1 and the nitrate reductases NIA1 and NIA2.

ABSTRACT

MAIN CONCLUSION: In P. aeruginosa, mutation of the gene encoding N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone synthase LasI drives defense and plant growth promotion, and this latter trait requires adequate nitrate nutrition. Cross-kingdom communication with bacteria is crucial for plant growth and productivity. Here, we show a strong induction of genes for nitrate uptake and assimilation in Arabidopsis seedlings co-cultivated with P. aeruginosa WT (PAO1) or ΔlasI mutants defective on the synthesis of the quorum-sensing signaling molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone. Along with differential induction of defense-related genes, the change from plant growth repression to growth promotion upon bacterial QS disruption, correlated with upregulation of the dual-affinity nitrate transceptor CHL1/AtNRT1/NPF6.3 and the nitrate reductases NIA1 and NIA2. CHL1-GUS was induced in Arabidopsis primary root tips after transfer onto P. aeruginosa ΔlasI streaks at low and high N availability, whereas this bacterium required high concentrations of nitrogen to potentiate root and shoot biomass production and to improve root branching. Arabidopsis chl1-5 and chl1-12 mutants and double mutants in NIA1 and NIA2 nitrate reductases showed compromised growth under low nitrogen availability and failed to mount an effective growth promotion and root branching response even at high NH4NO3. WT P. aeruginosa PAO1 and P. aeruginosa ΔlasI mutant promoted the accumulation of nitric oxide (NO) in roots of both the WT and nia1nia2 double mutants, whereas NO donors SNP or SNAP did not improve growth or root branching in nia1nia2 double mutants with or without bacterial cocultivation. Thus, inoculation of Arabidopsis roots with P. aeruginosa drives gene expression for improved nitrogen acquisition and this macronutrient is critical for the plant growth-promoting effects upon disruption of the LasI quorum-sensing system.