Characterizing Bone Phenotypes Related to Skeletal Fragility Using Advanced Medical Imaging.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Summarize the recent literature that investigates how advanced medical imaging has contributed to our understanding of skeletal phenotypes and fracture risk across the lifespan. RECENT FINDINGS: Characterization of bone phenotypes on the macro-scale using advanced imaging has shown that while wide bones are generally stronger than narrow bones, they may be more susceptible to age-related declines in bone strength. On the micro-scale, HR-pQCT has been used to identify bone microarchitecture phenotypes that improve stratification of fracture risk based on phenotype-specific risk factors. Adolescence is a key phase for bone development, with distinct sex-specific growth patterns and significant within-sex bone property variability. However, longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate how early skeletal growth impacts adult bone phenotypes and fracture risk. Metabolic and rare bone diseases amplify fracture risk, but the interplay between bone phenotypes and disease remains unclear. Although bone phenotyping is a promising approach to improve fracture risk assessment, the clinical availability of advanced imaging is still limited. Consequently, alternative strategies for assessing and managing fracture risk include vertebral fracture assessment from clinically available medical imaging modalities/techniques or from fracture risk assessment tools based on clinical risk factors. Bone fragility is not solely determined by its density but by a combination of bone geometry, distribution of bone mass, microarchitecture, and the intrinsic material properties of bone tissue. As such, different individuals can exhibit distinct bone phenotypes, which may predispose them to be more vulnerable or resilient to certain perturbations that influence bone strength.