Material Flow Analysis of Dysprosium in the United States.
Environ Sci Technol
; 57(45): 17256-17265, 2023 11 14.
Article
em En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-37921462
ABSTRACT
Dysprosium (Dy) is increasingly being adopted in various clean energy products around the world, intriguing many nations' interests in its availability. However, since data are inaccessible, crucial information about Dy supplies and demands across products and countries remains incomplete. To fill these knowledge gaps, we performed a dynamic bottom-up material flow analysis of Dy, taking the United States (1987-2018) as a case. The results show that the United States (US) domestic demands experienced a growing trend (by 45-fold) with fluctuation and several shifts among applications, primarily owing to technological advancement. A large imbalance (80 times) exists between domestic mineral supplies and market demands, resulting in significant import dependency, with the net import reliance of alloys, chemicals, finished products, and concentrates being 97, 44, 40, and 31%, respectively. Dy is mainly imported as finished products (55.7%) and alloys (43.2%), with concentrates (0.4%) and chemicals (0.7%) accounting for less than 2%. This import dependency may result from fragmentation of the US supply chains because of the stricter environmental regulations on upstream industries and reshoring of the downstream industries. These findings suggest that rare-earth mineral production in the US is about to restart, and it is important for industries to seek international collaboration to boost product competition.
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Base de dados:
MEDLINE
Assunto principal:
Disprósio
/
Metais Terras Raras
País como assunto:
America do norte
Idioma:
En
Ano de publicação:
2023
Tipo de documento:
Article