Sublethal and transgenerational effects of lufenuron on biological characteristics and expression of reproductive related genes in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda.

ABSTRACT

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a notorious polyphagous pest that causes serious economic losses in crucial crops and has invaded Africa and Asia. Lufenuron is widely used for controlling S. frugiperda in China, owing to its high toxicity against this key pest, and less pollution and little impact on natural enemies. In the present study, the sublethal and transgenerational effects of lufenuron on S. frugiperda were investigated to provide in-depth information for the rational use of lufenuron. Results showed that the development time and pupae weight were not significantly affected following exposure of females to LC10 and LC25 and male S. frugiperda to the LC10 of lufenuron. However, LC25 exposure significantly reduced pupal and total development time and pupae weight of male S. frugiperda. The longevity of S. frugiperda adults was prolonged by lufenuron and the fecundity of S. frugiperda treated with LC10 of lufenuron was significantly increased by 40% compared to the control. In addition, our study demonstrated that the LC25 of lufenuron had transgenerational effects on the progeny generation. The development time of female S. frugiperda whose parents were exposed to LC25 of lufenuron was significantly decreased compared to the control. And then, the expression profiles of Vg, VgR, JHEH, JHE, JHAMT, JHBP, CYP307A1, CYP306A1, CYP302A1 and CYP314A1 genes involved in insect reproduction and development were analyzed using Quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR). Results showed that Vg, VgR, JHE, JHAMT, and CYP306A1 were significantly upregulated at the LC10 of lufenuron, which revealed that these upregulated genes might be linked with increased fecundity of S. frugiperda. Taken together, these findings highlighted the importance of sublethal and transgenerational effects under laboratory conditions and these effects may change the population dynamics in the field. Therefore, our study provided valuable information for promoting the rational use of lufenuron for controlling S. frugiperda.