Formation of halogenated forms of bisphenol A (BPA) in water: Resolving isomers with ion mobility - mass spectrometry and the role of halogenation position in cellular toxicity.

ABSTRACT

Halogenated BPA (XBPA) forms resulting from water chlorination can lead to increased toxicity and different biological effects. While previous studies have reported the occurrence of different XBPAs, analytical limitation have hindered the analysis and differentiation of the many potential isomeric forms. Using online solid-phase extraction - liquid chromatography - ion-mobility - high-resolution mass spectrometry (OSPE-LC-IM-HRMS), we demonstrated a rapid analysis method for the analysis of XBPA forms after water chlorination, with a total analysis time of less than 10 min including extraction and concentration and low detection limits (∼5-80 ng/L range). A multi in-vitro bioassay testing approach for the identified products revealed that cytotoxicity and bioenergetics impacts were largely associated with the presence of halogen atoms at positions 2 or 2' and the overall number of halogens incorporated into the BPA molecule. Different XBPA also showed distinct impacts on oxidative stress, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma - PPARγ, and inflammatory response. While increased DNA damage was observed for chlorinated water samples (4.14 ± 1.21-fold change), the additive effect of the selected 20 XBPA studied could not explain the increased DNA damage observed, indicating that additional species or synergistic effects might be at play.