A near-infrared fluorescent ratiometric probe with large Stokes shift for multi-mode sensing of Pb2+ and bioimaging.

ABSTRACT

Pb2+ is a heavy metal ion pollutant that poses a serious threat to human health and ecosystems. The conventional methods for detecting Pb2+ have several limitations. In this study, we introduce a novel fluorescent probe that enables the detection of Pb2+ in the near-infrared region, free from interference from other common ions. A unique characteristic of this probe is its ability to rapidly and accurately identify Pb2+ through ratiometric measurements accompanied by a large Stokes shift of 201 nm. The limit of detection achieved by probe was remarkably low, surpassing the standards set by the World Health Organization, and outperforming previously reported probes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first organic small-molecule fluorescent probe with both near-infrared emission and ratiometric properties for the detection of Pb2+. We present a triple-mode sensing platform constructed using a probe that allows for the sensitive and selective recognition of Pb2+ in common food items. Furthermore, we successfully conducted high-quality fluorescence imaging of Pb2+ in various samples from common edible plants, HeLa cells, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mice. Importantly, the probe-Pb2+ complex exhibited tumour-targeting capabilities. Overall, this study presents a novel approach for the development of fluorescent probes for Pb2+ detection.