In Vitro Performance of a Long-Range Surface Plasmon Hydrogel Aptasensor for Continuous and Real-Time Vancomycin Measurement in Human Serum.

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the suitability of surface modification for a long-range surface plasmon (LRSP) aptasensor using two different hydrogels, aiming at real-time monitoring of vancomycin (VCM) in undiluted serum and blood. Three different layer structures were formed on a gold surface of LRSP sensor chip using poly[2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-co-N-methacryloyl-(L)-tyrosinemethylester (MAT)] (PMM) and poly[MPC-co-2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA)-co-MAT] (PMEM). The peptide aptamer for VCM was immobilized in PMM and PMEM via MAT. Among four differently prepared sensor chips, the LRSP hydrogel aptasensor with PMM, referred to as the PMM hydrogel, exhibited the highest sensor output and superior antifouling properties. Following the optimization of the PMM hydrogel preparation conditions, the shelf life of the PMM hydrogel was determined to exceed 2 weeks, and the same sensor chip could be used for 102 days without significant performance deterioration. The PMM hydrogel was then applied for VCM measurement in undiluted serum in vitro, where it demonstrated a limit of detection of 0.098 µM and a dynamic range of 0.18-100 µM, covering the therapeutic range. Additionally, the PMM hydrogel enabled the continuous measurement of various VCM concentrations in serum without rinsing and showed a concentration-dependent output in undiluted blood. These findings underscore the potential of the PMM hydrogel for real-time and direct monitoring of VCM in body fluids.