Can Aromaticity Be Evaluated Using Atomic Partitions Based on the Hilbert-Space?

ABSTRACT

Aromaticity is a fundamental concept in chemistry that explains the stability and reactivity of many compounds by identifying atoms within a molecule that form an aromatic ring. Reliable aromaticity indices focus on electron delocalization and depend on atomic partitions, which give rise to the concept of an atom-in-the-molecule (AIM). Real-space atomic partitions present two important drawbacks a high computational cost and numerical errors, limiting some aromaticity measures to medium-sized molecules with rings up to 12 atoms. This restriction hinders the study of large conjugated systems like porphyrins and nanorings. On the other hand, traditional Hilbert-space schemes are free of the latter limitations but can be unreliable for the large basis sets required in modern computational chemistry. This paper explores AIMs based on three robust Hilbert-space partitions - meta-Löwdin, Natural Atomic Orbitals (NAO), and Intrinsic Atomic Orbitals (IAO) - which combine the advantages of real-space partitions without their disadvantages. These partitions can effectively replace real-space AIMs for evaluating the aromatic character. For the first time, we report multicenter index (MCI) and Iring values for large rings and introduce ESIpy, an open-source Python code for aromaticity analysis in large conjugated rings.