Combination of monensin and erlotinib synergistically inhibited the growth and cancer stem cell properties of triple-negative breast cancer by simultaneously inhibiting EGFR and PI3K signaling pathways.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are recognized as a highly challenging subset of cells, renowned for their heightened propensity for relapse and unfavorable prognosis. Monensin, an ionophoric antibiotic, has been reported to exhibit significant therapeutic efficacy against various cancers, especially CSCs. Erlotinib is classified as one of the EGFR-TKIs and has been previously identified as a promising therapeutic target for TNBC. Our research aims to assess the effectiveness of combination of monensin and erlotinib as a potential treatment strategy for TNBC. METHODS: The combination of monensin and erlotinib was assessed for its potential anticancer activity through various in vitro assays, including cytotoxicity assay, colony formation assay, wound healing assay, transwell assay, mammosphere formation assay, and proportion of CSCs assay. Additionally, an in vivo study using tumor-bearing nude mice was conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the monensin and erlotinib combination on tumor growth. RESULTS: The results indicated that combination of monensin with erlotinib synergistically inhibited cell proliferation, the migration rate, the invasion ability and decreased the CSCs proportion, and CSC markers SOX2 and CD133 in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the primary proteins involved in the signaling pathways of the EGFR/ERK and PI3K/AKT are simultaneously inhibited by the combination treatment of monensin and erlotinib in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous inhibition of the EGFR/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways by the combination of monensin and erlotinib exhibited a synergistic effect on suppressing tumor proliferation and cancer cell stemness in TNBC.