Telomere-to-telomere genome assembly of sorghum.

ABSTRACT

"Cuohu Bazi" (CHBZ) is an ancient sorghum variety collected from the fields of China, known for its agronomic traits like dwarf stature, early maturation. In this study, we present the first telomere-to-telomere (T2T) and gap-free genome assembly of CHBZ using PacBio HiFi reads, Oxford Nanopore Technologies, and Hi-C data. The assembled genome comprises 724.85 Mb, effectively resolving all 3,913 gaps that were present in the previous sorghum BTx623 reference genome. Notably, the T2T assembly captures 10 centromeres and all 20 telomeres, providing strong support for their integrity. This assembly is of high quality in terms of contiguity (contig N50 71.1 Mb), completeness (BUSCO score 99.01%, k-mer completeness 98.88%), and correctness (QV 61.60). Repetitive sequences accounted for 70.41% of the genome and a total of 32,855 protein-coding genes have been annotated. Furthermore, 161 CHBZ-specific presence/absence variants genes have been identified when comparing to BTx623 genome. This study provides valuable insights for future research on sorghum genetics, genomics, and evolutionary history.