Insights into the developmental and cardiovascular toxicity of bixafen using zebrafish embryos and larvae.

ABSTRACT

Bixafen (BIX), a member of the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) class of fungicides, has seen a surge in interest due to its expanding market presence and positive development outlook. However, there is a growing concern about its potential harm to aquatic life, largely due to its resistance to breaking down in the environment. In this study, we thoroughly examined the toxicological impact of BIX on zebrafish as a model organism. Our results revealed that BIX significantly hindered the development of zebrafish embryos, leading to increased mortality, hatching failures, and oxidative stress. Additionally, we observed cardiovascular abnormalities, including dilated cardiac chambers, reduced heart rate, sluggish blood circulation, and impaired vascular function. Notably, BIX also altered the expression of key genes involved in cardiovascular development, such as myl7, vmhc, nkx2.5, tbx5, and flt1. In summary, BIX was found to induce developmental and cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish, underscoring the risks associated with SDHI pesticides and emphasizing the need for a reassessment of their impact on human health. These findings are crucial for the responsible use of BIX.