Are the pathobiological changes evoked by traumatic brain injury immediate and irreversible?

ABSTRACT

Traumatic brain injury has long been thought to evoke immediate and irreversible damage to the brain parenchyma and its intrinsic vasculature. In this review, we call into question the correctness of this assumption by citing two traumatically related brain parenchymal abnormalities that are the result of a progressive, traumatically induced perturbation. In this context, we first consider the pathogenesis of traumatically induced axonal damage to show that it is not the immediate consequence of traumatic tissue tearing. Rather, we illustrate that it is a delayed consequence of complex axolemmal and/or cytoskeletal changes evoked by the traumatic episode which then lead to cytoskeletal collapse and impairment of axoplasmic transport, ultimately progressing to axonal swelling and disconnection. Second, we consider the traumatized brain's increased neuronal sensitivity to secondary ischemic insult by showing that even after mild traumatic brain injury, CA1 neuronal cell loss can be precipitated by the induction of sublethal ischemic insult within 24 hrs of injury. In demonstrating this increased sensitivity to secondary insult, evidence is provided that it is triggered by the neurotransmitter storm evoked by traumatic brain injury, allowing for sublethal neuro-excitation. In relation to this phenomenon, the protective effect of receptor antagonists are discussed, as well as the concept that this relatively prolonged posttraumatic brain hypersensitivity offers a potential window for therapeutic intervention. Collectively, it is felt that both examples of the brain parenchyma's response to traumatic brain injury show that the resulting pathobiology is much more complex and progressive than previously envisioned, and as such, rejects many of the previous beliefs regarding the pathobiology of traumatic brain injury.