The usability of the ratio of bi-humerus breadth to maximum pelvic breadth in sex estimation.

BACKGROUND: Although sex can be determined with high accuracy in forensic anthropology, additional parameters are still required. AIM: To estimate with known simple statistical methods, the usability of the bi-humerus/maximum pelvic breadth ratio in sex estimation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Bi-humerus breadth and maximum pelvic breadth were measured using the topogram images (196 males, 171 females), the ratio between them was calculated. We examined the usability of the ratio of the distance between the lateral edges of the right and left humeral heads to the maximum distance between the two most lateral parts of the iliac crests in sex estimation. RESULTS: There was significant difference in the bi-humerus breadth and "bi-humerus breadth/maximum pelvic breadth" according to sex. The greatest breadth of the pelvis was higher in females, yet the difference was not statistically significant. The ratio yielded 80.6%-90.3% accuracy for females and 73.6%-74.7% for males, depending on arm position. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained data may contribute to the development of formulas created with metric measurements used in sex estimation. This can be used as a parameter to help in estimating the sex of skeletal remains found as a whole or excavated without losing their integrity, and also in the reconstruction of body structure.

Comparison of preoperative anxiety, bruxism, and postoperative pain among patients undergoing surgery for septoplasty, endoscopic sinus surgery, and tympanoplasty.

Background: Septoplasty, endoscopic sinus surgery, and tympanoplasty are the most commonly performed elective functional ear-nose-throat surgeries. Aim: This study investigated the relationship between preoperative anxiety, bruxism, and postoperative pain in inpatient groups undergoing three different functional otorhinolaryngologic surgeries. Patients and. Methods: This study was conducted in a single center of a tertiary referral hospital. The patients (n = 90) who had undergone septoplasty (group A), endoscopic sinus surgery (group B), and tympanoplasty (group C) were included. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire and the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety Information Scale (APAIS) were administered. To evaluate bruxism, a self-questionnaire was administered, and for the evaluation of pain, the visual analogue scale (VAS) was administered. Results: In group C, preoperative STAI and APAIS and early and late pain values were higher than in the other groups. When patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of bruxism. A significant difference was found between the preoperative STAI and immediate and late VAS values (P < 0.001). A strong correlation was observed between APAIS and early and late VAS values in group C (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients who will undergo tympanoplasty should be aware of the preoperative anxiety level and pain follow-up. Bruxism can be considered a vital follow-up parameter that manifests due to high preoperative anxiety. It may also be useful to examine preoperative bruxism and take appropriate measures due to its pain-increasing effect in patients.

In vitro vasoactive effects of dexmedetomidine on isolated human umbilical arteries.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the vasoactive effects of dexmedetomidine on isolated human umbilical arteries and possible mechanisms involved. METHODS: Human umbilical artery strips were suspended in Krebs-Henseleit solution and dose-response curves were obtained for cumulative dexmedetomidine before and after incubation with different agents; propranolol, atropine, yohimbine, prazosin, indomethacin, verapamil. Effects of calcium on cumulative dexmedetomidine-induced contractions were also studied. RESULTS: Cumulative dexmedetomidine resulted in dose dependent contraction responses. Incubation with propranolol (Emax: 93.3 ± 3.26 %), atropine (Emax: 92.0 ± 6.54 %), or indomethacin (Emax: 94.25 ± 2.62 %), did not attenuate dexmedetomidine-elicited contractions (p > 0.05). There were significant decreases in the contraction responses of cumulative dexmedetomidine with yohimbine (Emax: 12.1 ± 11.9 %), prazosin (Emax: 28.8 ± 4.6 %) and verapamil (Emax: 11.2 ± 13.6 %) (p < 0.05). In Ca+2 free medium contraction responses to cumulative dexmedetomidine was insignificant (Emax: 5.20 ± 3.42 %). Addition of cumulative calcium to the Ca+2 free medium resulted in concentration dependent increase in contractions (Emax: 64.83 ± 37.7 %) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine induces vasoconstriction in endothelial-free umbilical arteries via both, α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors and also extracellular Ca+2 concentrations play a major role. ß-adrenergic receptors, muscarinic cholinergic receptors, and inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzyme are not involved in this vasoconstriction (Fig. 3, Ref. 36).

Turkish Adaptation of Dentine Hypersensitivity Experience Questionnaire (DHEQ).

OBJECTIVE: The Dentine Hypersensitivity Experience Questionnaire (DHEQ) is a valid and reliable instrument for oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) studies. This study aimed to assess the Turkish version of the DHEQ and determine the effects of degree of DH, sex, and age on OHRQoL. MATERIALS: The study participants were 251 DH patients (age 18-78 years; 68.5% female) who completed the Turkish version of the DHEQ. The reliability of the instrument was assessed in terms of internal consistency, using item-total correlations and Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) among 51 patients who repeated the DHEQ following a 2-week interval. Construct validity was determined based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Convergent validity was tested through correlating DHEQ total and subscale scores with the global rating of oral health and effect on life overall. Discriminative validity was tested by comparing the total and subscale scores against the degree of sensitivity. RESULTS: Patients with more severe hypersensitivity showed higher DHEQ scores and greater OHRQoL impairment. Female and older (⟩40 years) patients had significantly greater OHRQoL impairment. Cronbach's alpha exceeded 0.70, indicating good internal consistency reliability. The ICC values measured were ⟩0.60 for the overall scale and each subscale of the DHEQ, signifying good to excellent test-retest reliability. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the Turkish version of the DHEQ is appropriate for assessing the OHRQoL among people with dentine hypersensitivity.

Clinical evaluation of microhybrid composites in noncarious cervical lesions: 24-month results.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical performance of two different microhybrid resin composites in noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) after 24 months. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-seven NCCLs were restored with either TPH Spectrum (n = 48) or Filtek Z250 (n = 49) using an etch-and-rinse adhesive in 20 patients. The restorations were clinically evaluated using modified United States Public Health Service criteria for retention, color match, marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation, surface texture, anatomic form, postoperative sensitivity, and secondary caries. The restorations were assessed 1 week after placement (baseline) and after 6, 12, and 24 months. Restoration survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier procedure estimator, and a log-rank test was used to compare the survival distributions (P < 0.05). Statistical analysis was undertaken using Pearson's Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test to assess differences among the restorative materials (P < 0.05). Cochran's Q-test was employed for evaluating differences in the same restorative material between recall periods. RESULTS: The retention rates were 100% at 6 months, 89.6% and 91.8% at 12 months, and 85.4% and 89.8% at 24 months for TPH and Z250, respectively. TPH showed a statistically significant difference in marginal discoloration between the baseline and 24 months results (P < 0.05). Both TPH and Z250 showed statistically significant differences in marginal adaptation between the baseline and 24 months results (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Over the 24-month period, both microhybrid resin composites demonstrated acceptable clinical results in NCCLs.

IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN D STATUS AND HYPOCALCEMIA AFTER TOTAL THYROIDECTOMY?

CONTEXT: Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium metabolism through parathormone-dependent process. Deficiency of this important nutrient may be associated with hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of vitamin D in predicting hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for benign or malignant thyroid disease were included in this prospective study. The association between preoperative vitamin D status and the development of hypocalcemia were investigated. RESULTS: Biochemical and symptomatic hypocalcemia were found in 28 (18.7%) and 22 (14.7%) patients, respectively. Preoperative vit D level was found significantly lower in patients with biochemical (p = 0.006) and clinical (p < 0.001) hypocalcemia in comparison to normocalcemic patients. The patients who had <10 ng/mL vit D level (severe deficiency) developed significantly more biochemical and clinical hypocalcemia than the patients with serum vit D level higher than 10 ng/mL (p = 0.030 and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although postthyroidectomy hypocalcemia is multifactorial, vit D deficiency, particularly severe form, is significantly associated with the development of biochemical and clinical hypocalcemia. Vit D supplementation can prevent this unwanted complication in such patients.

Association of clinical androgen excess with radial artery intima media thickness in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

This study explores the relationship between clinical cardiovascular risk factors and clinical androgen excess, with direct comparison to radial artery intima media thickness (rIMT). rIMT of 91 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were compared with 72 healthy women. Patients were divided into three groups with regard to body mass index (BMI). Group1 = 56 women (31 controls and 25 PCOS) with low BMI(18-22.49 kg/m(2)), Group2 = 36 women (15 controls and 21 PCOS) with normal BMI (22.5-24.99 kg/m(2)) and Group3 = 71 women (26 controls and 45 PCOS) with high BMI (25-30 kg/m(2)). rIMT was significantly higher in patients with PCOS (p = 0.007). rIMT was significantly higher group1 and group3 in patients with PCOS compared to controls (p = 0.007 and p = 0.042, respectively). There was a significant positive association between rIMT levels and fT in women with PCOS in group1 (r = 0.24, p = 0.04). rIMT levels correlated to fT levels in women with PCOS in group3 (r = 0.32, p = 0.03). Modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mFG) scores demonstrated a positive association with free testosterone, total testosterone, free androgen index, waist circumference (WC), LH levels, insulin levels, Homeostasis Model Assessment index(HOMA-IR), rIMT and a negative correlation with sex hormone binding globulin in group1 and group2. mFG scores demonstrated a positive association with free testosterone (r = 0.33, p = 0.029) in group3, but no association was found between mFG and WC, HOMA-IR in group3. Our findings indicate that clinical androgen excess may be associated with cardiovascular disease in patients with PCOS.

Pyometra in elderly post-menopausal women: a sign of malignity.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of 12 patients with pyometra and highlight the increased incidence of gynecological malignancy in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors examined the medical records of 12 patients with pyometra, who were treated between 2009 and 2013. RESULTS: All patients were post-menopausal, and their mean age was 70.83 ± 6.978 years (min = 61, max = 82). To remove purulent fluid via dilation and because of the probability of malignancy, three patients (25%) underwent cervical biopsy and endometrial curettage; the other nine patients (75%) underwent curettage alone, with suitable antibiotic therapy. Of the 12 patients, nine (75%) had gynecologic malignancy [(endometrial cancer, n = 5, 41.6%), (cervical cancer, n = 3, 25%), (uterine leiomyosarcoma, n = 1, 8.3%)]. In three (25%) patients, the cause of pyometra was benign pathologies, among which the most common were leiomyomas (n = 2, 66.6%). CONCLUSION: Pyometra diagnosed during the post-menopausal period should be considered a complication caused by gynecological malignancy until proven otherwise.

Evaluation of human chaperonin 10 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels of infertile women who underwent ovulation induction and intra-uterine insemination.

INTRODUCTION: The implantation of embryo is one of the crucial steps of a successful pregnancy. The foetus should be protected from maternal immune system, for the appropriate implantation and modification in maternal immunity is crucial. We investigated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs CRP), which is an indicator of low-grade inflammation and Cp10 that has immunosuppressant and growth-promoting capabilities at embryo levels in ovulation induction and intra-uterine insemination (IUI)applied in infertile women. The ovulation induction was maintained by clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins for 42 infertile patients. After successful ovulation induction, IUI was carried out. The blood samples were taken 2 and 8 days after IUI to evaluate Cp10 and hs CRP levels. The pregnant and non-pregnant groups' results were analyzed. The Cp10 levels 8 days after IUI were higher in pregnant group, whereas there was no difference for the 2 days after levels between pregnant and non-pregnant group. The hs CRP levels were similar for both 2nd and 8th days when we compared pregnant and non-pregnant groups. The Cp10 levels increased from day 2 to day 8 in pregnant group. In contrast, the Cp10 levels decreased in non-pregnant group. The change in hs CRP levels from day 2 to day 8 was not significant in pregnant and non-pregnant groups. The Cp10 levels were higher in early phases of fertilisation and elevated through the preceding days of conception in pregnant patients, while it decreased in non-pregnant patients with failed cycles.

Assessment of body composition with bioelectrical impedance analysis in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum before and after treatment.

More than half of pregnant women suffer from nausea and vomiting, in 0.5-1% of the pregnant women, if nausea and vomiting are severe and persistent, condition can progress to hyperemesis. We evaluated the fluid volume parameters in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum, before and after treatment using the bioelectrical impedance vectors. A total of 70 pregnant women who had weight loss exceeding 5% of pre-pregnancy body weight were recruited for the study in the first trimester. The measurement of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis parameters was performed on the day of hospitalisation before any treatment and after treatment at 24 h and 72 h with the same procedure. Total body water, extracellular water, intracellular water, and fat-free mass index increased after treatment at 24 h (P < 0.01). Also, the mean pregnancy-unique quantification of emesis and nausea score was significantly lower after treatment (11.3 ± 2.1 at enrolment, 5.1 ± 1.4 at 24 h and 4.3 ± 1.1 at 72 h) (P < 0.01), which correlated with the patients' clinical improvement and changes in hydration. In pregnant women with moderate-to-severe hyperemesis gravidarum, significant body composition changes occur and fluid replacement therapy performed during a short period of time, such as 24 h, provides improvement in body composition.

Anti-Müllerian hormone is associated with extrauterine involvement and stage of disease in patients with endometrial cancer.

Our aim was to evaluate serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and also immunohistochemical (IHC) staining properties of AMH receptor type II (AMHRII) in patients with endometrial cancer (EC) and a control group. Preoperatively, serum levels of AMH were assessed and AMHRII expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a benign and malignant group. AMH serum levels of the control group and EC patients were comparable. For EC patients, there was no difference with respect to the AMH levels and tumour stage; grade; histological type; deep myometrial invasion; lymphovascular space invasion or lymph node involvement. However, AMH levels in patients with extrauterine involvement were higher than patients with disease confined to the uterus. EC samples were more likely to be stained positive for AMHRII than benign lesions. Also, as the stage of the lesion worsens, the rate of IHC staining of AMHRII decreases. In conclusion, AMHRII is expressed in normal endometrial cells as well as endometrial cancer cells. AMH levels increase in EC, with extrauterine involvement at least in locally advanced disease. Also AMH expression decreases as the disease is staged-up.

Effect of drainage on postoperative pain after laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy.

The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the effect of drainage on postoperative shoulder and abdominal pain after uncomplicated laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy (LOC). Allocation to drain or not to drain was non-randomised. There were 55 patients with drainage and 56 patients without drainage. Postoperative shoulder and abdominal pain was assessed using a 10-point visual analogue scale. Postoperative hospital stay in the drainage group was longer than the non-drainage group (p = 0.040). Postoperative shoulder pain scores at 6 h and 24 h were similar between the drainage and non-drainage groups (p = 0.376 and p = 0.847, respectively). Postoperative abdominal pain was higher in the drainage group at 6 h (p = 0.009), but was similar at 24 h (p = 0.097) between the groups. These data suggest that for LOC, drainage may not be useful to prevent postoperative shoulder pain and also increases postoperative abdominal pain and length of hospital stay.

Gum chewing reduces the time to first defaecation after pelvic surgery: A randomised controlled study.

Post-operative ileus is a major complication that increases the morbidity in patients who had abdominal surgery. Several different procedures have been used to manage bowel function, including adequate pain control, prokinetic drugs and supportive strategies. The present study aimed to assess the effect of chewing gum on bowel recovery in patients undergoing gynaecologic abdominal surgeries. A total of 137 patients were randomised into gum-chewing and control groups. Patients in the gum-chewing group began chewing gum at post-operative 3rd h and chewed gum thereafter every 4 h daily, for 30 min each time. All patients received the same post-operative treatment. Primary outcome measures were the time to first passage of flatus and time to first passage of stool. The secondary outcome measures included the first hearing of normal bowel sounds, nausea and the time until discharge from the hospital. Compared with the control group, the time interval between operation and first flatus was shorter in the gum-chewing group (median, 33 h vs 30 h). However, the difference was not significant (p = 0.381). The first defaecation time was significantly shorter in the gum-chewing group. The median time to first defaecation was 67 (20-105) h in the control group and 45 (12-97) h in the gum-chewing group (p < 0.01). Gum chewing is safe, well tolerated and it allows early defaecation after gynaecologic abdominal surgery.

Pentalogy of Cantrell accompanied by scoliosis and pes equinovarus deformity at 12 weeks gestation.

Cantrell's pentalogy (CP) is a rare syndrome characterized by defects in the lower sternum with ectopia cordis, anterior diaphragm defects, midline supraumbilical abdominal wall defects, defects in the diaphragmatic pericardium, and congenital heart disease. The authors report a 12-weeks gestation with multiple fetal anomalies suggesting the diagnosis of CP (a large thoraco-abdominal defect with herniating liver and bowel, heart deviated anteriorly with concomitant ventricular septal defect), and the 'S' shaped fetal spine due to increased lumbar lordosis and scoliosis with accompanying pes equinovarus deformity. Chorionic villus sampling was performed due to increased nuchal translucency (3.7 mm). The fetal karotype was found to be 47, XX,+21 (trisomy 21). In the literature, three scoliosis cases have been reported accompanying the CP along with multiple anomalies and one concomitant pes equinovarus deformity has been reported previously.

Frequencies of the Common MEFV Gene Mutations in Adiyaman, Southeast Anatolia, Turkey.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by fever and serosal inflammation. The reasons for the disorder are mutations in the Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene; the most common of which are M694V, M680I, M694I and V726A. In this study, we aimed to screen these common mutations of the MEFV gene and then determine the prevalence of FMF according to these mutations in Adiyaman, Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. Seven hundred and sixty-seven healthy individuals from the region of Adiyaman participated in the study. Polymerase chain reaction-amplification refractory mutation system (PCR-ARMS) methods were used to determine the common mutations of the MEFV gene. Twenty-six (3.9%) individuals had only one mutation in the MEFV gene, 25 individuals were heterozygous and one person was homozygous for the V726A mutation (0.15%). In the present study, the V726A mutation (50.0%) was the most frequent, followed by M694V (38.5%), M680I (7.7%) and M694I (3.8%). It was seen that the carrier rate was very low and the prevalence of FMF was 0.15%, according to the common mutations of the MEFV gene in Adiyaman, Southeast Anatolia, Turkey.

The antitumoral effect of the esculetin in HeLa cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the multiple available treatment modalities, cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among female gynecological cancers. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an effective organelle in ensuring cell homeostasis and is closely related to the development of cancer. Esculetin is a coumarin derivative that has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. Esculetin may have an anticancer effect by inducting apoptosis and ER stress. In this study, we evaluate that esculetin has an anti-tumor effect on human cervical cancer-derived (HeLa) cells via ER stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Esculetin was applied to the HeLa cells, and a viability test was performed using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium proliferation (MTT) assay. Expression levels of apoptotic genes and anti-apoptotic genes were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results were statistically evaluated. RESULTS: Analysis of the MTT assay detected that esculetin inhibited HeLa cell viability development. Based on Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses, esculetin destroyed cervical cancer cells via the ER stress pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that esculetin may have a potent antitumoral effect. It can potentially be utilized in the pharmacological therapy of cervical cancer.

Prediction of lymph node metastasis based on tumor size in stage 1A endometrioid endometrium cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Endometrium cancer (EC) is the most prevalent cancer affecting women in developed countries. There is debate about the need to perform lymphadenectomy in cases with a tumor diameter >2 cm. The aim of our study is to research the prediction of lymph node metastasis using tumor size in stage 1A endometrioid endometrium cancer (EEC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study enrolled cases operated in the clinic due to stage 1A EEC (FIGO 2009) from December 2010-2021. The correlations of age, age interval, parity, type of operation, tumor diameter, myometrial invasion, histological grade, and lymph node metastasis were statistically analyzed. The cut-off point for tumor size was determined with the ROC curve and Youden index. RESULTS: The study analyzed a total of 292 cases, and the mean age of cases was 62.3±10.0 years. Of the cases, 79.5% had histological grade 1, and 20.5% had grade 2. Myometrial invasion ≤50% was detected in 69.5%, and no myometrial invasion was detected in 30.5%. The mean tumor diameter was 34.0±18.0. Lymph node metastasis was identified in 6 cases (2.1%). Based on the tumor diameter cut-off value of 35 mm, sensitivity was 100%, and specificity was 50.3%. 116 cases with tumor diameter >35 mm and 176 with diameter ≤35 mm, and grade 2 histology and lymph node positivity were found statistically significant between these groups (respectively, p=0.012 and p=0.038). The lymph node metastasis risk was 0% in cases with tumor diameter ≤35 mm, while it was 5.2% in cases with tumor diameter >35 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The general approach in stage 1A EEC is not to perform lymphadenectomy. However, when the tumor diameter is noted, lymphadenectomy may be considered as the lymph node metastasis risk increases in cases with a tumor diameter of 35 mm or more. There is a need for more clinical studies on this topic.

The role of shear wave elastography in predicting endometrial cancer in patients presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding.

OBJECTIVE: Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) is an objective quantitative ultrasound elastography technique that can demonstrate the stiffness of anatomical structures to aid in their detection and characterization. We aimed to evaluate the role of shear wave elastography in differentiating endometrial carcinoma from benign uterine pathologies in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted at our institution from January 2020 to April 2020. A hundred patients with endometrial sampling planned and SWE due to abnormal uterine bleeding were included in the study. According to the histopathological results of the patients, those with normal and atrophic endometrium results were defined as group I (control group), those with benign results such as polyps and endometrial hyperplasia were defined as group II, and those with endometrial cancers were defined as group III. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, a statistically significant difference was found in Emean (mean and adjusted mean) value between the study groups (F2.96=86.37, p<.001, η2=0.64). The post-hoc analysis was performed with a Bonferroni adjustment. The mean Emean value was found to be statistically significantly higher in group III (17.14±0.40) compared to group I (10.39±0.26) and group II (11.49±0.32) (p<0.001). In addition, a statistically significant difference was found between the benign and normal groups. CONCLUSIONS: As a new diagnostic technique in gynecology, elastography appears to be a valuable tool in differentiating malign endometrial pathologies from normal or benign endometrial pathologies in females with abnormal uterine bleeding.

Evaluation of embryo transfer time (day 2 vs day 3) after imposed single embryo transfer legislation: when to transfer?

To determine whether the timing of embryo transfer (day 2 or day 3) affects pregnancy outcome in IVF patients, receiving single or double embryo transfer, 380 patients were included in this retrospective study. All patients underwent GnRH antagonist protocol. When stratified by number of transferred embryos, single embryo transfer (SET) patients undergoing a day 2 embryo transfer (ET) had similar biochemical pregnancy (25% vs 20.4%; p > 0.05) and clinical pregnancy (16.6% vs 14.6%; p > 0.05) rates to SET patients that were undergoing a day 3 ET. A similar observation was again noted in double embryo transfer (DET) patients undergoing a day 2 ET, with similar biochemical pregnancy (35% vs 29.8%; p > 0.05) and clinical pregnancy (25% vs 15.5%; p > 0.05) rates to DET patients undergoing a day 3 ET. Women, despite age, number of transferred embryos and ET timing, have similar reproductive outcomes. Shortening or lengthening the duration of in vitro culture provides no obvious benefit.

Expression of cyclin A, cyclin E and p27 in normal, hyperplastic and frankly malignant endometrial samples.

Cellular growth is under the control of certain molecules such as cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases. Dysregulation of these proteins disrupt cell cycle and may trigger malignant transformation. Cyclins and kinase inhibitors also play essential roles in endometrial cellular proliferation. But the exact roles of these mediators in the disease process is not clear. We evaluated expression of cyclin A, cyclin E and p27 in normal, hyperplastic and malignant endometrial samples assuming different expression patterns in physiological and pathological processes. A total of 75 patients with histopathological diagnosis of normal proliferative, hyperplastic or malignant endometrial samples were evaluated with different cellular proliferation markers, cyclin A, cyclin E and p27. For cyclin E, endometrial cancer samples had higher rate of immunoreactivity than normal proliferative and hyperplastic endometrial samples. Staining properties for cyclin A were comparable for three groups. However, p27 immunoreactivity decreased progressively as lesions progress from proliferative benign endometrium to frank carcinoma. Further large-scale studies with clinical follow-up will reveal the exact role of cyclins on endometrial carcinogenesis.