What hidden treasure resides beneath the waves?: Phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and uses of Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau 1904: An overview.

Over the years, the biological activities of seaweeds could have piqued research interest due to their specific functional phytochemistry, which may not be available in terrestrial plants. Seaweeds produce these compounds to overcome and control stressful biotic and abiotic conditions. Additionally, they are potentially excellent sources of highly useful leads in the development of new drugs. Our study aims to unveil, for the first time, an overview of Halopteris scoparia, a species belonging to the Phaeophyceae class and the Stypocaulacea family, by summarizing all available literature data. In this work, we attempt to shed light on its phytochemistry, nutritional values, pharmacological activities, and industrial uses and applications. To gather information related to H. scoparia, relevant keywords were used to search internet databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, Web of Science, Algae Database, WoRMS database, and DORIS database. The chemical structures were drawn using Chemdraw and verified using the PubChem database. Chemically, this species contains a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Additionally, other chemical components with nutraceutical value have been identified, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, pigments, minerals and mycosporine like amino acids. Then, holding several reported pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, dermoprotective, antidepressive, antibacterial, antibiofilm, antifungal, anti-parasitic activities and acute toxicity. In addition to other their applications such as bioconversion and antifouling activities. To confirm the previous pharmacological properties, more comprehensive and systematic in vivo, preclinical, and clinical studies are needed. Furthermore, research is required to uncover the mechanisms of its active compounds and their potential therapeutic effects in treating other diseases such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections.

Synthesis, structural characterizations, in vitro biological evaluation and computational investigations of pyrazole derivatives as potential antidiabetic and antioxidant agents.

In this study, a two pyrazole derivatives; 2-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-phenylhydrazine-1-carboxamide (Pyz-1) and 4-amino-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (Pyz-2) were synthesized and characterized by 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry. A complete molecular structures optimization, electronic and thermodynamic properties of Pyz-1 and Pyz-2 in gas phase and aqueous solution were predicted by using hybrid B3LYP method with the 6-311++G** basis sets. Pyz-1 and Pyz-2 were evaluated in vitro for their anti-diabetic, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibition activities. For anti-diabetic activity, Pyz-1 and Pyz-2 showed a potent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition with IC50 values of 75.62 ± 0.56, 95.85 ± 0.92 and 119.3 ± 0.75, 120.2 ± 0.68 µM, respectively, compared to Acarbose (IC50(α-glucosidase) = 72.58 ± 0.68 µM, IC50(α-amylase) = 115.6 ± 0.574 µM). In xanthine oxidase assay, Pyz-1 and Pyz-2 exhibited remarkable inhibitory ability with IC50 values 24.32 ± 0.78 and 10.75 ± 0.54 µM, respectively. The result of antioxidant activities showed that the title compounds have considerable antioxidant and radical scavenger abilities. In addition, molecular docking simulation was used to determine the binding modes and energies between the title compounds and α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes.