RESUMO
This manuscript aimed to optimise the encapsulation of Thymus capitatus essential oil into nanoemulsion. Response Surface Methodology results were best fitted into polynomial models with regression coefficient values of more than 0.95. The optimal nanoemulsion showed nanometer-sized droplets (380 nm), a polydispersity index less than 0.5, and a suitable Zeta potential (-10.3 mV). Stability results showed that nanoemulsions stored at 4 °C were stable with the lowest d3,2, PolyDispersity Index (PDI), and pH (day 11). Significant ameliorations in the capacity to neutralise DPPH radical after the encapsulation of the antimicrobial efficacy of thyme essential oil were recorded. S. typhimurium growth inhibition generated by nanoencapsulated thyme essential oil was 17 times higher than by bulk essential oil. The sensory analysis highlighted that the encapsulation of thyme essential oil improved enriched milk's sensory appreciation. Indeed, 20% of the total population attributed a score of 4 and 5 on the scale used for milk enriched with nanoemulsion. In comparison, only 11% attributed the same score to milk enriched with bulk essential oil. The novel nanometric delivery system presents significant interest for agroalimentary industries.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Óleos Voláteis , Thymus (Planta) , Animais , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Emulsões , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Leite/microbiologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The long-term effects of the development of chronic metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity have been associated with nutritional insults in critical life stages. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a low-protein diet on metabolism in mid-adulthood male rats. METHODS: At 90 days of age, Wistar male rats were fed a low-protein diet (4.0 %, LP group) for 30 days, whereas control rats were fed a normal-protein diet (20.5 %, NP group) throughout their lifetimes. To allow for dietary rehabilitation, from 120 to 180 days of age, the LP rats were fed a normal-protein diet. Then, we measured body composition, fat stores, glucose-insulin homeostasis and pancreatic islet function. RESULTS: At 120 days of age, just after low-protein diet treatment, the LP rats displayed a strong lean phenotype, hypoinsulinemia, as assessed under fasting and glucose tolerance test conditions, as well as weak pancreatic islet insulinotropic response to glucose and acetylcholine (p < 0.01). At 180 days of age, after poor-protein diet rehabilitation, the LP rats displayed a slight lean phenotype (p < 0.05), which was associated with a high body weight gain (p < 0.001). Additionally, fat pad accumulation, glycemia and insulinemia, as well as the pancreatic islet insulinotropic response, were not significantly different between the LP and NP rats (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the present data suggest that the effects of dietary restriction as a stressor in adulthood are reversible with dietary rehabilitation, indicating that adulthood is not a sensitive or critical time window for metabolic programming.
Assuntos
Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas/efeitos adversos , Síndrome Metabólica/metabolismo , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/metabolismo , Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Composição Corporal , Peso Corporal , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Homeostase , Insulina/sangue , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Masculino , Fenótipo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: A sedentary lifestyle and high-fat feeding are risk factors for cardiometabolic disorders. This study determined whether moderate exercise training prevents the cardiometabolic changes induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-day-old rats were subjected to moderate exercise three times a week for 30 days. After that, trained rats received a HFD (EXE-HFD) or a commercial normal diet (EXE-NFD) for 30 more days. Sedentary animals also received the diets (SED-HFD and SED-NFD). Food intake and body weight were measured weekly. After 120 days of life, analyses were performed. Data were analysed with two-way ANOVA and the Tukey post-test. RESULTS: Body weight gain induced by HFD was attenuated in trained animals. HFD reduced food intake by approximately 30% and increased body fat stores by approximately 75%. Exercise attenuated 80% of the increase in fat pads and increased 24% of soleus muscle mass in NFD animals. HFD induced a hyper-response to glucose injection, and exercise attenuated this response by 50%. Blood pressure was increased by HFD, and the beneficial effect of exercise in reducing blood pressure was inhibited by HFD. HFD increased vagal activity by 65% in SED-HFD compared with SED-NFD rats, and exercise blocked this increase. HFD reduced sympathetic activity and inhibited the beneficial effect of exercise on ameliorating sympathetic activity. CONCLUSION: Four weeks of moderate exercise at low frequency was able to prevent the metabolic changes induced by a HFD but not the deleterious effects of diet on the cardiovascular system.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Doenças Metabólicas/prevenção & controle , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Pressão Sanguínea , Composição Corporal , Peso Corporal , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Energia , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/prevenção & controle , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Comportamento Sedentário , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
Research on the impact of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) on microorganisms has been reported in the literature for the last 60 years. In the current study, the impact of an MRP-rich medium on the growth of three strains of Escherichia coli was measured by comparing two classic methods for studying the growth of bacteria (plate counting and optical density at 600 nm) and by tracing MRP utilisation. Early stage and advanced MRPs in the culture media were assessed by quantifying furosine and N (ε) -carboxymethyllysine (CML) levels, respectively, using chromatographic methods. These measures were performed prior to and during bacterial growth to estimate the potential use of these MRPs by Escherichia coli CIP 54.8. Glucose and lysine, the two MRP precursors used in the MRP-rich medium, were also quantified by chromatographic means. Compared to control media, increased lag phases and decreased growth rates were observed in the MRP-rich medium for two out of the three Escherichia coli strains tested. In contrast, one strain isolated from the faeces of a piglet fed on a MRP-rich diet was not influenced by the presence of MRPs in the medium. Overall, CML as well as the products obtained by the thermal degradation of glucose and lysine, regardless of the Maillard reaction, did not affect the growth of the three strains tested. In addition, no degradation of fructoselysine or CML was found in the presence of Escherichia coli CIP 54.8.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/fisiologia , Meios de Cultura/química , Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trato Gastrointestinal/microbiologia , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/química , HumanosRESUMO
Nutrition and lifestyle, particularly over-nutrition and lack of exercise, promote the progression and pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic diseases. Nutrition is likely the most important environmental factor that modulates the expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways and a variety of phenotypes associated with obesity and diabetes. During pregnancy, diet is a major factor that influences the organ developmental plasticity of the foetus. Experimental evidence shows that nutritional factors, including energy, fatty acids, protein, micronutrients, and folate, affect various aspects of metabolic programming. Different epigenetic mechanisms that are elicited by bioactive factors in early critical developmental ages affect the susceptibility to several diseases in adulthood. The beneficial effects promoted by exercise training are well recognised, and physical exercise may be considered one of the more prominent non-pharmacological tools that can be used to attenuate metabolic programming and to consequently ameliorate the illness provoked by metabolic diseases and reduce the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Literature on the different outcomes of unbalanced diets and the beneficial effects of some bioactive molecules during gestation and lactation on the metabolic health of offspring, as well as the potential mechanisms underlying these effects, was reviewed. The importance of the combined effects of functional nutrition and exercise as reprogramming tools of metabolic programming is discussed in depth. Finally, this review provides recommendations to healthcare providers that may aid in the control of early programming in an attempt to optimise the health of the mother and child.
Assuntos
Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Hiperfagia/fisiopatologia , Comportamento Materno , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Troca Materno-Fetal , Síndrome Metabólica/etiologia , Comportamento Sedentário , Animais , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Epigênese Genética , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Humanos , Hiperfagia/dietoterapia , Hiperfagia/metabolismo , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Lactação/metabolismo , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/metabolismo , Síndrome Metabólica/prevenção & controle , Atividade Motora , GravidezRESUMO
Evidence suggests that meat processing and heat treatment may increase cancer risk through exposure to potentially carcinogenic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs). This study aims to investigate the effect of low concentrations of PAHs and HAAs (from 1 to 100 µmol/L/24h and 48h) in colorectal tumor cells (HT-29, HCT116, and LS174T) and to evaluate the effect of PAHs in the presence of inulin in mice. In vitro, the 4-PAHs have no effect on healthy colon cells but decreased the viability of the colorectal tumor cells and activated the mRNA and protein expressions of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. In vivo, in mice with colitis induced by 3% DSS, the 4-PAHs (equimolar mix at 50,100, 150 mg/kg.bw, orally 3 times a week for 3 weeks) induced a loss of body weight and tumor formation. Inulin (10 g/L) had no effect on colon length and tumor formation. A significant decrease in the loss of b.w was observed in inulin group as compared to the fiber free group. These results underscore the importance of considering the biological association between low-dose exposure to 4-HAPs and diet-related colon tumors.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais , Compostos Heterocíclicos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Animais , Camundongos , Inulina/farmacologia , Aminas/toxicidade , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , Suplementos Nutricionais , Compostos Heterocíclicos/toxicidadeRESUMO
Early supplementation with oregano essential oil (EO) in milk replacer (MR) may improve growth, immune responses, the microbiota and the metabolome in dairy calves during pre-weaning and in adulthood. Sixteen female dairy calves (3 days of age) were divided in two groups (n = 8/group): the control group (no EO) and the EO group (0.23 ml of EO in MR during 45 days). After weaning, calves were kept in a feedlot and fed ad libitum. The animals were weighed, and blood and faecal samples were collected on days 3 (T0), 45 (T1) and 370 (T2) to measure the biochemical profile and characterise peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD21+ and WC1+), the metabolome and microbiota composition. The EO group only had greater average daily weight gain during the suckling (EO supplementation) period (P = 0.030). The EO group showed higher average CD14+ population (monocytes) values, a lower abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, Faecalibacterium, Blautia and Alloprevotella and increased abundances of Allistipes and Akkermansia. The modification of some metabolites in plasma, such as butyric acid, 3-indole-propionic acid and succinic acid, particularly at T1, are consistent with intestinal microbiota changes. The data suggest that early EO supplementation increases feed efficiency only during the suckling period with notable changes in the microbiota and plasma metabolome; however, not all of these changes can be considered desirable from a gut health point of view. Additional research studies is required to demonstrate that EOs are a viable natural alternative to antibiotics for improving calf growth performance and health.
Assuntos
Dieta , Óleos Voláteis , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Leite , Leucócitos Mononucleares , Ração Animal/análise , Desmame , Aumento de Peso , Metaboloma , Suplementos Nutricionais , Peso CorporalRESUMO
In this study, the capacity of eight essential oils (EOs), sage (Salvia officinalis), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), black cumin (Nigella sativa), prickly juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), oregano (Origanum vulgare) and wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba), on the inhibition of NF-κB activation was screened at concentrations up to 0.25 µL/mL using THP-1 human macrophages bearing a NF-κB reporter. This screening selected coriander, geranium, and wormwood EOs as the most active, which later evidenced the ability to decrease over 50 % IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α and COX-2 mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. The chemical composition of selected EOs was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The two major constituents (>50 % of each EO) were tested at the same concentrations presented in each EO. It was demonstrated that the major compound or the binary mixtures of the two major compounds could explain the anti-inflammatory effects reported for the crude EOs. Additionally, the selected EOs also inhibit>50 % caspase-1 activity. However, this effect could not be attributed to the major components (except for ß-citronellol/geranium oil, 40 %/65 % caspase-1 inhibition), suggesting, in addition to potential synergistic effects, the presence of minor compounds with caspase-1 inhibitory activity. These results demonstrated the potential use of the EOs obtained from Tunisian flora as valuable sources of anti-inflammatory agents providing beneficial health effects by reducing the levels of inflammatory mediators involved in the genesis of several diseases.
Assuntos
Óleos Voláteis , Origanum , Plantas Medicinais , Humanos , Óleos Voláteis/química , NF-kappa B , Macrófagos , Origanum/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , CaspasesRESUMO
An in vitro trial was carried out to investigate the effects of natural Thymbra capitata essential oil (NEO) and its main compounds [including carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene given alone or in a synthetic combination (SEO)] on ruminal fermentation and the bacterial community using batch cultures inoculated with ruminal digesta and incubating two different basal diets [high-forage (F) and high-concentrate (C) diet]. After 24 h of incubation, primary fermentation end-products [gas, methane, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia] and rumen microbial diversity were determined. NEO reduced the total VFA concentration (P < 0.05) only in the C diet. In contrast, SEO and carvacrol decreased the total VFA concentration (P < 0.05) only in the F diet. Methane production was not affected (P > 0.05) by any of the experimental treatments or diets evaluated. Microbial diversity analysis showed only a moderate effect of carvacrol and SEO on 13 genera, including, mainly, Atopobium and Blautia (involved in subacute ruminal acidosis) or Candidatus Saccharimonas (related to laminitis). In conclusion, T. capitata EO has a limited potential to attain nutritional or environmental benefits, but further research should be carried out to clarify its effects on animal health and microbial food safety.
Assuntos
Óleos Voláteis , Animais , Fermentação , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/metabolismo , Rúmen/microbiologia , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Bactérias , Dieta , Metano/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , DigestãoRESUMO
Using plant essential oils (EOs) contributes to the growing number of natural plants' applications in livestock. Scientific data supporting the efficacy of EOs as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant molecules accumulates over time; however, the cumulative evidence is not always sufficient. EOs antioxidant properties have been investigated mainly from human perspectives. Still, so far, our review is the first to combine the beneficial supporting properties of EOs in a One Health approach and as an animal product quality enhancer, opening new possibilities for their utilization in the livestock and nutrition sectors. We aim to compile the currently available data on the main anti-inflammatory effects of EOs, whether encapsulated or not, with a focus on mammary gland inflammation. We will also review the EOs' antioxidant activities when given in the diet or as a food preservative to counteract oxidative stress. We emphasize EOs' in vitro and in vivo ruminal microbiota and mechanisms of action to promote animal health and performance. Given the concept of DOHaD (Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases), supplementing animals with EOs in early life opens new perspectives in the nutrition sector. However, effective evaluation of the significant safety components is required before extending their use to livestock and veterinary medicine.
RESUMO
In fish, gonadotropin hormones FSH-GTH1 and LH-GTH2 are less specific for their cognate receptors than in mammals. The respective reproductive functions of fish LH and FSH are thus difficult to establish. We aimed to study the effect of specific antagonists of the two gonadotropin receptors on trout sexual maturation in both sexes by targeting specific regions of LH and FSH receptors, Lhr and Fshr. Filamentous phages displaying Lhr specific or Fshr specific decapeptides from the extracellular hormone binding domain were engineered. Recombinant phages were used as receptor-specific antagonistic vaccines. Male and female trouts were immunized with anti-LHR, anti-FSHR, anti-FSHR+LHR or adjuvant alone, through multiple injections over 8-24 weeks, starting at different stages of sexual maturation. The consequences of immunization on gonadal development were evaluated by determining gonad growth, by histological analysis of testis and ovaries at the end of the vaccination period and by measuring blood plasma sex steroids using radioimmunoassay. We show for the first time in fish that the anti-receptor vaccinations could have specific antagonistic effects on the development of the reproductive functions; while the anti-FSHR affected the sexual maturation of prepubertal males and delayed sperm production, the anti-LHR blocked vitellogenesis in females. In maturing males, the combined anti-FSHR+LHR vaccine inhibited spermatogenesis and affected steroidogenesis. In that case, the effects of the vaccine on spermatogenesis were transient and reversible when immunization was stopped. Such an immunological strategy to specifically and transiently inhibit a receptor provides a promising approach for discovering their specific functions; it could also lead to a new technology for controlling the onset of puberty in aquaculture species.
Assuntos
Anticorpos/farmacologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss/imunologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss/fisiologia , Receptores da Gonadotropina/imunologia , Maturidade Sexual/efeitos dos fármacos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/imunologia , Anticoncepção Imunológica/métodos , Anticoncepção Imunológica/veterinária , Feminino , Imunidade Humoral , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oncorhynchus mykiss/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Receptores da Gonadotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Maturidade Sexual/imunologia , Fatores de Tempo , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinas Anticoncepcionais/farmacologiaRESUMO
Much progress has happened in understanding developmental vulnerability to preventable environmental hazards. Along with the improved insight, the perspective has widened, and developmental toxicity now involves latent effects that can result in delayed adverse effects in adults or at old age and additional effects that can be transgenerationally transferred to future generations. Although epidemiology and toxicology to an increasing degree are exploring the adverse effects from developmental exposures in human beings, the improved documentation has resulted in little progress in protection, and few environmental chemicals are currently regulated to protect against developmental toxicity, whether it be neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption or other adverse outcome. The desire to obtain a high degree of certainty and verification of the evidence used for decision-making must be weighed against the costs and necessary duration of research, as well as the long-term costs to human health because of delayed protection of vulnerable early-life stages of human development and, possibly, future generations. Although two-generation toxicology tests may be useful for initial test purposes, other rapidly emerging tools need to be seriously considered from computational chemistry and metabolomics to CLARITY-BPA-type designs, big data and population record linkage approaches that will allow efficient generation of new insight; epigenetic mechanisms may necessitate a set of additional regulatory tests to reveal such effects. As reflected by the Prenatal Programming and Toxicity (PPTOX) VI conference, the current scientific understanding and the timescales involved require an intensified approach to protect against preventable adverse health effects that can harm the next generation and generations to come. While further research is needed, the main emphasis should be on research translation and timely public health intervention to avoid serious, irreversible and perhaps transgenerational harm.
Assuntos
Ecotoxicologia/métodos , Disruptores Endócrinos/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Medicina Ambiental/métodos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/diagnóstico , Animais , Big Data , Química Computacional/métodos , Congressos como Assunto , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Epigênese Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Epigenômica/métodos , Feminino , Desenvolvimento Fetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Desenvolvimento Fetal/genética , Humanos , Metabolômica/métodos , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/prevenção & controle , Projetos de Pesquisa , Medição de Risco/métodos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Early-life microbial exposure is of particular importance to growth, immune system development and long-lasting health. Hence, early microbiota composition is a promising predictive biomarker for health and disease but still remains poorly characterized in regards to susceptibility to diarrhoea. In the present study, we aimed to assess if gut bacterial community diversity and composition during the suckling period were associated with differences in susceptibility of pigs to post-weaning diarrhoea. Twenty piglets from 5 sows (4 piglets / litter) were weaned in poor housing conditions to challenge their susceptibility to post-weaning diarrhoea. Two weeks after weaning, 13 pigs exhibited liquid faeces during 2 or 3 days and were defined as diarrhoeic (D) pigs. The other 7 pigs did not have diarrhea during the whole post-weaning experimental periodand were defined as healthy (H) pigs. Using a molecular characterisation of fecal microbiota with CE-SSCP fingerprint, Next Generation Sequencing and qPCR, we show that D and H pigs were mainly discriminated as early as postnatal day (PND) 7, i.e. 4 weeks before post-weaning diarrhoea occurence. At PND 7 H pigs displayed a lower evenness and a higher abundance of Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminocacaceae and Lactobacillaceae compared to D pigs. The sPLS regression method indicates that these bacterial families were strongly correlated to a higher Bacteroidetes abundance observed in PND 30 H pigs one week before diarrhoea. These results emphasize the potential of early microbiota diversity and composition as being an indicator of susceptibility to post-weaning diarrhoea. Furthermore, they support the health promoting strategies of pig herds through gut microbiota engineering.
Assuntos
Diarreia/veterinária , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diarreia/microbiologia , Lactobacillaceae/genética , Lactobacillaceae/isolamento & purificação , Prevotella/genética , Prevotella/isolamento & purificação , Ruminococcus/genética , Ruminococcus/isolamento & purificação , Suínos , DesmameRESUMO
The first epidemiological studies showing a link between low birth weight and chronic diseases in adults did not distinguish the origins of low birth weight. A low birth weight may be the result of a premature birth. It can also be caused by an intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). A child can be both preterm and IUGR. It is clear now that prematurity is an independent risk factor for programming chronic adult diseases. However, unlike adults born IUGR, adults born prematurely do not have an increased risk to develop metabolic syndrome (dyslipidemia or obesity). An increased risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric morbidity and hypertension is found after a premature birth. Mechanisms of chronic diseases programming are multiple: they involve both the cause of prematurity and IUGR such as infection / inflammation or placental insufficiency, but also consequences for therapeutic or nutritional strategies needed to support these children. This chapter describes the possible prevention of perinatal programming of noncommunicable diseases.
Assuntos
Retardo do Crescimento Fetal , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Criança , Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/epidemiologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/fisiologia , Masculino , Placenta/fisiopatologia , Gravidez , Nascimento Prematuro/epidemiologia , Nascimento Prematuro/fisiopatologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologiaRESUMO
The presence of pesticide residues in food is a public health problem. Exposure to these substances in daily life could have serious effects on the intestine-the first organ to come into contact with food contaminants. The present study investigated the impact of a low dose (1 mg/day in oil) of the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the community structure, diversity and metabolic response of the human gut microbiota using the SHIME® model (six reactors, representing the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract). The last three reactors (representing the colon) were inoculated with a mixture of feces from human adults. Three time points were studied: immediately before the first dose of CPF, and then after 15 and 30 days of CPF-oil administration. By using conventional bacterial culture and molecular biology methods, we showed that CPF in oil can affect the gut microbiota. It had the greatest effects on counts of culturable bacteria (with an increase in Enterobacteria, Bacteroides spp. and clostridia counts, and a decrease in bifidobacterial counts) and fermentative activity, which were colon-segment-dependent. Our results suggest that: (i) CPF in oil treatment affects the gut microbiota (although there was some discordance between the culture-dependent and culture-independent analyses); (ii) the changes are "SHIME®-compartment" specific; and (iii) the changes are associated with minor alterations in the production of short-chain fatty acids and lactate.
Assuntos
Clorpirifos/toxicidade , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos TeóricosRESUMO
Increasing evidence indicates that chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus insecticide, is involved in metabolic disorders. We assess the hypothesis whether supplementation with prebiotics from gestation to adulthood, through a modulation of microbiota composition and fermentative activity, alleviates CPF induced metabolic disorders of 60 days old offspring. 5 groups of Wistar rats, from gestation until weaning, received two doses of CPF pesticide: 1 mg/kg/day (CPF1) or 3.5 mg/kg/day (CPF3.5) with free access to inulin (10g/L in drinking water). Then male pups received the same treatment as dams. Metabolic profile, leptin sensitivity, insulin receptor (IR) expression in liver, gut microbiota composition and short chain fatty acid composition (SCFAs) in the colon, were analyzed at postnatal day 60 in the offspring (PND 60). CPF3.5 increased offspring's birth body weight (BW) but decreased BW at PND60. Inulin supplementation restored the BW at PND 60 to control levels. Hyperinsulinemia and decrease in insulin receptor ß in liver were seen in CPF1 exposed rats. In contrast, hyperglycemia and decrease in insulin level were found in CPF3.5 rats. Inulin restored the levels of some metabolic parameters in CPF groups to ranges comparable with the controls. The total bacterial population, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and butyrate levels were enhanced in CPF groups receiving inulin. Our data indicate that developmental exposure to CPF interferes with metabolism with dose related effects evident at adulthood. By modulating microbiota population and fermentative activity, inulin corrected adult metabolic disorders of rats exposed to CPF during development. Prebiotics supply may be thus considered as a novel nutritional strategy to counteract insulin resistance and diabetes induced by a continuous pesticide exposure.
Assuntos
Clorpirifos/toxicidade , Suplementos Nutricionais , Inulina/farmacologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/tratamento farmacológico , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Líquidos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Crescimento e Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Insulina/metabolismo , Inulina/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/microbiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: the present study has been conducted to evaluate the impact of the consumption of high MRP formula on changes in the microbiota and the oxidative status, during development, in the colons of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) juvenile pigs. METHODS: over a 3-week period, fifteen-day old piglets received formula with two different heat treatments. A formula heated at high temperature (HHF, n = 8) and another one heated at a low temperature (LHF, n = 8). After weaning, animals were fed, ad libitum, a solid diet until postnatal day 54 (PND54). The diversity and composition of the major microbiota were analyzed by CE SSCP and qPCR at postnatal day 36 (PND36) and PND54. Protein oxidation levels, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, catalase (CAT), manganese dependent superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD), NFκB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression were measured in the colon at the juvenile stage (PND54). RESULTS: HHF resulted in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity in the colon at PND36. An increase in the total count of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, Bacteroidetes and Enterobacteria, without major changes in total microbiota was evidenced by qPCR, suggesting qualitative changes in the bacterial population of the HHF group. The imbalance of microbiota observed at PND36 was significantly modified at PND54, when animals received a solid diet. Colon GPX activity (p < 0.05) and gene expression of CAT and iNOS were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in the HHF group. No differences in the total protein oxidation and carbonyl score were found in the HHF group. Colon redox enzyme gene expression and pro-inflammatory factor NFκB negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with the bacterial population, suggesting the involvement of certain phyla in controlling the oxidative status of the IUGR piglets, fed on the high AGE formula. CONCLUSION: during development, consuming a high load MRP formula was associated with a major modification in the diversity and composition of the microbiota. The onset of an IUGR adaptive oxidant defense mechanism was found to counteract the oxidative stress induced by the presence of MRPs in formula.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/farmacologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos/metabolismo , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacteroidetes/efeitos dos fármacos , Bifidobacterium/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/microbiologia , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Dieta , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Firmicutes/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactobacillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Reação de Maillard , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Ribossômico 16S/isolamento & purificação , SuínosRESUMO
SCOPE: Formula-derived dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may promote programming of inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) piglets. METHODS AND RESULTS: IUGR piglets received either a low temperature heated formula (n = 8) or a high temperature heated formula (HHF: n = 8) or suckled naturally for 3 wk postnatally. Then they were fed with normal ad libitum regular diet. N(ε)-carboxymethyllysine (CML) was measured in plasma, feces, and formula by HPLC/MS-MS. CML was detected by immunofluorescence in kidney cells. Target renin-angiotensin-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory genes-p62 NF-κB, and soluble receptor of AGE (sRAGE) levels were quantified. Compared with that in controls, free CML and plasma urea increased significantly in the HHF-fed group at PND36 (p < 0.05). CML was detected in the nuclei of renal tubular cells of formula-fed piglets but not in suckled ones. This presence of CML was associated with the activation of the soluble receptor of AGE. AT1, AT2, caspase 3, caspase 8, NF-κB, p62 NF-κB, and total protein oxidation in kidney were higher in HHF-fed group as compared to LHF-fed group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Food processes aimed at reducing the concentration of AGEs in infant formula are urgently needed and may be therapeutically relevant for premature and/or IUGR babies.
Assuntos
Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/metabolismo , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/administração & dosagem , Inflamação/etiologia , Rim/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Animais , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/metabolismo , Rim/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Fígado/metabolismo , Lisina/análogos & derivados , Lisina/metabolismo , Receptor para Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/análise , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/fisiologia , SuínosRESUMO
Aim. Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Advanced glycation end products, known as AGEs, are a major risk factor for diabetes onset and maintenance. Methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive metabolite of glucose, is a precursor for the generation of endogenous AGEs. Methods. In this current study we incubated in vitro pancreatic islets from adult rats in absence or presence of MG (10 µmol/l) with different concentrations of glucose and different metabolic components (acetylcholine, epinephrine, potassium, forskolin, and leucine). Results. Different effects of MG on insulin secretion were evidenced. In basal glucose stimulation (5.6 mM), MG induced a significant (P < 0.05) increase of insulin secretion. By contrast, in higher glucose concentrations (8.3 mM and 16.7 mM), MG significantly inhibited insulin secretion (P < 0.05). In the presence of potassium, forskolin, and epinephrine, MG enhanced insulin secretion (P < 0.05), while when it was incubated with acetylcholine and leucine, MG resulted in a decrease of insulin secretion (P < 0.05). Conclusion. We suggest that MG modulates the secretion activity of beta-cell depending on its level of stimulation by other metabolic factors. These results provide insights on a dual acute effect of MG on the pancreatic cells.
RESUMO
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common endocrine disruptor found as an environmental and food contaminant. It exerts both developmental and behavioral effects, mainly when exposure occurs in early life. The aim of this study was to determine the multi-generational effects of chronic, human-relevant low-dose exposure to BPA on development, maternal behavior and flavor preference in Wistar rats. BPA was orally administered at a daily dose of 5 µg/kg body weight to F0 pregnant dams from the first day of gestation (GD 1) until the last day of lactation (LD 21), and then to F1 offspring from weaning (PND 21) to adulthood (PND 100). F2 offspring were not exposed. Development and clinical signs of toxicity were assessed daily. Maternal behavior was evaluated by observing nursing and pup-caring actions, as well as "non-maternal" behaviors in F0 and F1 dams from parturition until LD 8. The flavor preferences of F1 and F2 offspring were evaluated based on the intake of sweet, salt and fat solutions using the two-bottle choice test on PND 21-34 and PND 86-99. BPA exposure: 1) decreased maternal behavior in F1 dams, 2) caused developmental defects in both F1 and F2 offspring, with a noticeable decrease in anogenital distance in male rats, and 3) did not affect flavored solution intake in F1, but induced changes in sweet preference in F2 juveniles and in salt and fat solution intakes in F2 adults, and 4) induced a body weight increase in the F2 generation only, whereas food intake and water consumption did not change. Taken as a whole, our findings showed that both gestational (F0) and lifelong (F1) exposures to a human-relevant dose of BPA could induce multi-generational effects on both development and behavior. These results suggest possible selective neuroendocrine defects and/or epigenetic changes caused by BPA exposure.