Cleaning efficacy of various root canal irrigants in primary teeth: a scanning electron microscopic study.

Root canal irrigation plays an important role in debridement and disinfection of the root canal system. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2% iodine-potassium iodide (IKI), and 1% and 3% concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for root canal irrigation in the anterior primary teeth. A total of 60 anterior primary teeth were selected and assigned to 1 of 4 irrigation groups (n = 15): 1, 17% EDTA; 2, 3% NaOCl; 3, 2% IKI; and 4, 1% NaOCl. The root canals in all groups were subsequently irrigated with normal saline following a 30-minute incubation period. The prepared specimens were cut longitudinally and imaged using scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the cleaning efficacy in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Group 2 (3% NaOCl) showed the greatest efficacy for cleaning the entire root canal (P < 0.01). Analysis of the different parts of the root canal revealed that group 2 also demonstrated the greatest efficacy in achieving a clean apical portion (P < 0.01). According to the results of the present study, 3% NaOCl offered a better performance in irrigating the root canals of primary teeth.

Gill alterations of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) exposed to cadmium under different experimental salinities.

BACKGROUND: Heavy metals are one of the most important environmental pollutants in marine coastal ecosystems. Cadmium is a heavy metal that enters to marine environments via industrial wastes and oil production activities. OBJECTIVES: This study were done to determine the toxicity of cadmium to Litopenaeus vannamei and to evaluate the histological changes in gill tissues after exposure to sublethal concentrations of cadmium at different salinities. METHODS: For this reason, toxicity test was done to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of cadmium for whiteleg shrimp. According to the calculated LC50 amount, sublethal doses of cadmium were used to determine its histological effects in different salinity during 2 weeks exposing period. RESULTS: LC50 of cadmium for 96 h for whiteleg shrimp was 6.56 mg/L. Histological alterations in the gill were observed in L. vannamei after 14 days exposure to different concentrations of cadmium and salinity. Histopathological index was increased in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that doses lower than 2 mg/L have repairable effects on gill structure, but the concentration of 2 mg/L cadmium leaves irreparable and destructive effects on the gill tissue.