Unmet need for long-acting and permanent contraceptives and associated factors among married women in Southern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Long-acting and permanent methods (LAPMs) prevent women from having unintended pregnancies. Globally, unintended pregnancies, both mistimed and unwanted, occur every year. In developing countries, maternal mortality and unsafe abortions result from unintended pregnancies. This study aimed to assess the unmet need for LAPMs of contraceptives and associated factors among married women of the reproductive age group (15-49 years) in Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia, in 2019. METHODS: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from March 20 to April 15, 2019. Data were collected on 672 current married women in the reproductive age group (15-49) through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Study participants were selected using a multi-stage sampling method. Data were entered into the computer using EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariate and multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify factors associated with the unmet need for LAPMs. An odds ratio with 95% CI was used to assess the association between the independent and dependent variables. RESULTS: The unmet need for LAPMs for contraception in Hossana town was 234 (34.8%) (95% CI: 29.8, 39.8). Factors significantly associated with the unmet need for LAPMs of contraception were: women's age 35-49 [AOR = 9.01, 95% CI: 4.21, 19.32]; education of women [AOR = 8.64, 95% CI: 1.65, 45.42]; lack of discussion between partners [AOR = 4.79, 95% CI: 3.11, 7.39]; lack of proper counseling for women [AOR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.41, 3.23]; having a daily laborer occupation [AOR = 7.08, 95% CI: 2.44, 20.51]; and attitude of women toward LAPMs of contraception [AOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.56]. CONCLUSIONS: The unmet need for LAPMs was high in the study area. Age of women, discussions with partners, women ever counseled by health professionals, respondents' educational status, husband's educational status, women's attitude toward LAPMs, and respondents' occupational status were contibutes for high unmet need. High unmet need contributes to an unintended pregnancy and risky abortions. Proper counseling of women and women's discussions with their husbands is fundamental areas of intervention.

Third delay and associated factors among women who gave birth at public health facilities of Gurage zone, southern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: The third delay is a delay in accessing emergency obstetric care timely and appropriately once a woman reaches a health facility. The third delay plays a crucial role as an indicator to assess the quality of obstetrics services and is often the leading contributing factor to maternal mortality in developing countries. Although considerable research has been conducted on pre-facility delays in healthcare access, there is a lack of focus on delays experienced upon arrival at health facilities, particularly in Ethiopia and the specific study areas of Gurage zone. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of the third delay and associated factors among women who gave birth at Public Health Facilities of Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia. METHOD: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 558 women who gave birth at public health facilities of Gurage Zone from January 01/2020 to March 30/2020. Multi-stage stratified sampling technique was used to select the nine facilities. The data was collected using a structured interviewer administer questionnaire and an observational checklist. Women who waited more than an hour to receive delivery services after arriving at the health facility were classified as experiencing the third delay. The data were entered and analyzed using Epi Data version 3.1 and SPSS version 20.0 software, respectively. Binary logistic regression was employed to identify the determinant factors for the third delay. Variables having a P-value < 0.25 in the binary analysis were a candidate for multivariable analysis. Variables with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULT: The magnitude of the third delay was 193 [(34.8%; 95% CI; (30.8%, 38.8%)]. Complication during labor [AOR = 2.0; 95% CI, (1.4, 3.0)], Presence of functional generator in a health facility [AOR = 2.8; 95% CI, (1.3, 6.3)], level of health institution [AOR = 2.8; 95% CI, (1.04, 7.8)] and BEMONC training in the last two years [AOR = 1.6; 95% CI, (2.0, 6.5)] were significantly associated with third delay. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of third delay was high compared to some low income countries, which shows most of mothers were not getting the service timely after they arrived at the health facility. Equipping health facilities with trained manpower and with necessary materials and infrastructure will contribute to hastening the provision of obstetric care.

Development and evaluation of a kangaroo mother care implementation model in South Ethiopia.

AIM: To develop a model for increasing the coverage of kangaroo mother care (KMC), which involved ≥8 h of skin-to-skin contact per day and exclusive breastfeeding, for small babies with birth weight < 2000 g in South Ethiopia. METHODS: A mixed methods study was conducted between June 2017 and January 2019 at four hospitals and their catchment areas. Iterative cycles of implementation, program learning and evaluation were used to optimise KMC implementation models. The study explored the community-facility continuum of care and assessed the proportion of neonates with a birth weight less than 2000 g receiving effective KMC. RESULTS: Three KMC implementation models were tested with Model 2 being the final version. This model included enhanced identification of home births, improved referral linkages, immediate skin-to-skin care initiation in facilities and early contact after discharge. These improvements resulted in 86% coverage of effective facility-based KMC initiation for eligible babies. The coverage was 81.5% at discharge and 57.5% 7 days after discharge. The mean age of babies at KMC initiation was 8.2 days (SD = 5.7). CONCLUSION: The study found that the KMC implementation model was feasible and can lead to substantial population-level KMC coverage for small babies.

Barriers for kangaroo mother care (KMC) acceptance, and practices in southern Ethiopia: a model for scaling up uptake and adherence using qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Globally, approximately 15 million babies are born preterm every year. Complications of prematurity are the leading cause of under-five mortality. There is overwhelming evidence from low, middle, and high-income countries supporting kangaroo mother care (KMC) as an effective strategy to prevent mortality in both preterm and low birth weight (LBW) babies. However, implementation and scale-up of KMC remains a challenge, especially in lowincome countries such as Ethiopia. This formative research study, part of a broader KMC implementation project in Southern Ethiopia, aimed to identify the barriers to KMC implementation and to devise a refined model to deliver KMC across the facility to community continuum. METHODS: A formative research study was conducted in Southern Ethiopia using a qualitative explorative approach that involved both health service providers and community members. Twenty-fourin-depth interviewsand 14 focus group discussions were carried out with 144study participants. The study applied a grounded theory approach to identify,examine, analyse and extract emerging themes, and subsequently develop a model for KMC implementation. RESULTS: Barriers to KMC practice included gaps in KMC knowledge, attitude and practices among parents of preterm and LBW babies;socioeconomic, cultural and structural factors; thecommunity's beliefs and valueswith respect to preterm and LBW babies;health professionals' acceptance of KMC as well as their motivation to implement practices; and shortage of supplies in health facilities. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests a comprehensive approach with systematic interventions and support at maternal, family, community, facility and health care provider levels. We propose an implementation model that addresses this community to facility continuum.

Sexual and reproductive health rights knowledge and reproductive health services utilization among rural reproductive age women in Aleta Wondo District, Sidama zone, Ethiopia: community based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Various countries in the world have achieved promising progress in promoting, protecting and guaranteeing sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHRs) since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo. However, SRHRs have not been recognized to their maximum potential in Ethiopia, despite the domestication of the international instruments related to their successful implementation. This study was intended to determine the magnitude of SRHRs knowledge, reproductive health services utilization and their independent predictors among rural reproductive-age women in the Aleta Wondo District, Ethiopia. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 833 rural reproductive-age women from April to May 2019. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to select households, and a structured questionnaire was used to gather the data. EPI INFO version 7 was used to enter the data, and SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. Logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the association between outcomes and explanatory variables. Odds ratios at 95% CI were also computed and reported. RESULTS: Of 833 respondents, 43.9% had good knowledge of SRHR, and 37% had used at least one sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service. Variables that had a statistically significant association with SRHR knowledge in multivariable analysis were: had formal education, household with the highest income, having information sources for SRH services, and knowing about SRH services and providing institutions. SRH services utilization was associated with: having information sources for SRH services, had formal education, household with the highest income, and knowing about SRH services and providing institutions. CONCLUSION: In this study demographic and economic factors, such as education and household monthly income were positively identified as independent predictors for knowledge of SRHR and SRH services utilization. Therefore, responsible government sectors and NGOs should design and implement programs to promote women's educational status and household economic status to enhance women's SRHR knowledge and SRH services utilization.

Option B plus antiretroviral therapy adherence and associated factors among HIV positive pregnant women in Southern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Adherence to Option B plus Antiretroviral Therapy plays a vital role in preventing mother to child transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and development of drug resistance. This study was aimed to assess adherence to option B plus ART and associated factors among HIV positive pregnant women at public Hospitals in Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: Facility based cross sectional study was conducted on HIV positive pregnant mothers attending public health facilities' antenatal care unit. Systematic random sampling technique was employed to select 290 HIV positive pregnant women enrolled in the Option B plus program. Data were collected by using structured questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify factors associated with option B plus ART adherence. P-value less than 0.05 was considered as cut of point to declare statistical significance. RESULTS: The overall adherence to option B plus ART among HIV positive pregnant women was 236 (81.4%). Three in twenty, (14.8%) participants were none adherent to Option B plus ART due to difficulty in adopting time schedule and forgetting to take medication. During first trimester of pregnancy, 16 (5.5%) were stopped taking ART medication due to side effects. Pregnant women who started ART at the time of HIV diagnosis [AOR = 1.99, 95% CI: (1.02, 3.95)], and who had five or more antenatal care visits [AOR = 4.10, 95% CI (1.65, 10.02)] were more likely to adhere to option B plus ART. Women who should travel 30-60 min on foot to access ART from service delivering facilities were less likely to adhere to option B plus [AOR = 0.39, 95% C I: (0.17, 0.88)]. CONCLUSIONS: The overall adherence to option B plus ART was suboptimal. Measures that improve recalling ability of individuals to take ART on time, and minimize ART side effects during first trimester of pregnancy need to be given emphasis. The study finding indicates the need for reconsidering the ad-hoc focused antenatal care visit at policy and program level by increasing the number of follow up visit with proper counseling on ART adherence benefits, and improving service accessibility.

Predictors of homebirth amidst COVID-19 pandemic among women attending health facilities in Wondo Genet, Sidama Region, Ethiopia: A case control study.

BACKGROUND: In developing countries, home delivery increases the risk of maternal and perinatal mortality. Despite this, home deliveries account for a considerable share of deliveries in developing nations such as Ethiopia. Evidence on factors that affect homebirth is required for the measures needed to overcome these conditions. OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of homebirth among women attending health facilities in Wondo Genet, Sidama Region. METHODS: Unmatched case-control study was conducted from May to June 2021 among 308 mothers (102 cases and 206 controls) who recently delivered and visited either postnatal care or sought immunization service at public health facilities of Wondo Genet. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Epi-Data version 3.1 was used for data entry, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for data analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the determinants of homebirth. The association between the outcome variable and independent variables was declared statistically significant at a P-value < 0.05 with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) in a multivariable model. RESULTS: Rural residence [AOR: 3.41; 95%CI: 1.58-7.39], lifetime physical IPV [AOR: 2.35; 95%CI: 1.06-5.17], grand-multiparity [AOR: 5.36; 95%CI: 1.68-17.08], non-use of contraception before recent pregnancy [AOR: 5.82; 95%CI: 2.49-13.60], >30 min to reach health facility [AOR: 2.14; 95%CI: 1.02-4.51], and lack of facemask [AOR: 2.69; 95%CI: 1.25-5.77] were statistically significant predictors of homebirth. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The access gap to maternity services should be narrowed between rural and urban women. Healthcare programs concerning women's empowerment could help reduce persistent intimate partner violence. Family planning needs to be promoted, and multiparous women should be counseled on the adverse obstetric consequences of homebirth. The devastating effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on maternity services should be prevented.

Impact of quality improvement interventions on facility readiness, quality and uptake of maternal and child health services in developing regions of Ethiopia: a secondary analysis of programme data.

BACKGROUND: Quality improvement intervention (QI) was implemented from 2018 to 2021 in health facilities of developing regional states of Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of QI interventions on facility readiness, service availability, quality and usage of health services in these regions. METHODS: We used district health information system data of 56 health facilities (HFs). We also used baseline and endline QI monitoring data from 28 HFs. Data were summarised using descriptive statistics and various tests. Regression analysis was employed to examine the impact of QI interventions on various outcomes. RESULT: The QI intervention improved readiness of HFs, service availability and quality of maternal and child health service delivery. The mean availability of basic amenities increased from 1.89 to 2.89; HF cleanliness score increased from 4.43 to 5.96; family planning method availability increased from 4 to 5.75; score for emergency drugs at labour ward increased from 5.32 to 7.00; and the mean score for basic emergency obstetric and newborn care service availability increased from 5.68 to 6.75; intrauterine contraceptive devices removal service increased from 39.3% to 82.1%; and partograph use increased from 53.6% to 92.9%. HFs that use partograph for labour management increased by 39.3%. The QI intervention increased the quality of antenatal care by 29.3%, correct partograph use by 51.7% and correct active third-stage labour management, a 19.6% improvement from the baseline. The interventions also increased the service uptake of maternal health services, but not significantly associated with improvement in contraceptive service uptake. CONCLUSION: The integrated QI interventions in HFs could have an impact on facility readiness for service delivery, service accessibility and quality of service delivery. The effectiveness of the QI intervention should be evaluated using robust methods, and efforts to enhance contraceptive services through a QI approach requires further study.