Effect of four different types of vermicomposts on okra productivity and farm income.

Organic based fertilizers is crucial for maintaining soil fertility, increasing crop production, and mitigating climate change. Among various organic fertilizers, vermicompost (VC) has been found to be one of the promising options for enhancing soil fertility and productivity. However, there are limited studies on the agronomic effects of vermicomposts in Nepal. In this study, a pot culture experiment was conducted inside a greenhouse to assess the agronomic and economic effects of four different commercially available vermicomposts, available in both reduced and original moisture forms, on okra. Nine treatments with three replications were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). These treatments included Divya vermicompost with both reduced (DvRM: 28.82 %) and original moisture (DvOM: 62.17 %); Praramva vermicompost with reduced (PvRM: 29.63 %) and original moisture (PvOM: 54.65 %), Bio-Comp vermicompost with reduced (BvRM: 26.75 %) and original moisture (BvOM: 49.77 %), Sathi vermicompost with reduced (SvRM: 28.52 %) and original moisture (SvOM: 65.18 %), and a control (CK: non-fertilized treatment). All VC treatments, whether in reduced or original moisture forms, showed better performance on plant growth parameters and fruit yield compared to the control. There was no significant difference between the four types of VCs, in either moisture form. The average number of fruits per pot in VC treatments (ranging from 5.5 to 8.0 fruits per pot) increased by 94 % compared to CK (3.5 fruits). Similarly, total fruit yield increased by 126 % in VC treatments (ranging from 16213 kg ha-1 to 23193 kg ha-1) compared to the CK (8260 kg ha-1). The benefit to cost ratio (B:C) of all the VCs was above 1 (B:C > 1), ranging from 1.00 to 1.59, illustrating the economic benefit of using vermicompost in okra cultivation. The findings suggest that farmers should consider the widespread use of vermicomposts to increase both crop productivity and farm profitability, thereby sustaining their livelihoods.

Unilateral C1-C2 Posterior Fusion in a Patient With Right Vertebral Artery Anomaly With Intracanal Trajectory: A Case Report.

CASE: A 59-year-old woman presented with progressively worsening neck pain and radicular symptoms. Cervical radiographs revealed C1-C2 dynamic instability. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic angiogram revealed an anomalous right vertebral artery with intracanal trajectory at C1. A unilateral left C1-C2 fusion with a C1 lateral mass screw and C2 transarticular screw placement was performed due to the anomalous artery. At 14-month follow-up, the patient's cervical symptoms had resolved. CONCLUSION: In this patient with an aberrant vertebral artery who was indicated for C1-C2 fusion, a unilateral contralateral fusion with a C1 lateral mass screw and C2 transarticular screw was a satisfactory treatment option.

The Role of Perioperative Nutritional Status and Supplementation in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Review of Postoperative Outcomes.

¼ Identification of malnourished and at-risk patients should be a standardized part of the preoperative evaluation process for every patient.¼ Malnourishment is defined as a disorder of energy, protein, and nutrients based on the presence of insufficient energy intake, weight loss, muscle atrophy, loss of subcutaneous fat, localized or generalized fluid accumulation, or diminished functional status.¼ Malnutrition has been associated with worse outcomes postoperatively across a variety of orthopaedic procedures because malnourished patients do not have a robust metabolic reserve available for recovery after surgery.¼ Screening assessment and basic laboratory studies may indicate patients' nutritional risk; however, laboratory values are often not specific for malnutrition, necessitating the use of prognostic screening tools.¼ Nutrition consultation and perioperative supplementation with amino acids and micronutrients are 2 readily available interventions that orthopaedic surgeons can select for malnourished patients.

Comparison of CT-Guided needle biopsy versus percutaneous endoscopic debridement and drainage in pathogen identification and pain outcomes for spondylodiscitis patients: A systematic review and literature review.

Introduction: Spondylodiscitis (SD) is an infection of the intervertebral disc with involvement of the adjacent vertebral bodies. Diagnostic tests with CT-guided biopsy only provide a positive yield in 14%-48% of cases. Percutaneous endoscopic debridement and drainage (PEDD) has recently shown promise in the treatment of spondylodiscitis. Research question: The purpose of this study is to determine differences in pathogen identification and clinical outcomes for PEDD versus CT-guided needle biopsy in SD patients. Materials and methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature using PRISMA guidelines to determine differences in positive microbiology results, perioperative complications, pain control, and long-term clinical outcomes for PEDD vs. CT-guided needle biopsy in SD patients. Results: 1078 studies were evaluated, 87 of which underwent full review. 15 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, including 7 PEDD, 7 CT-guided biopsy, and 1 CT-guided biopsy vs. PEDD article, for a total of 192 PEDD patients and 604 CT-guided biopsy patients. We found 36.59% of CT-guided biopsy patients had positive microbiology results, compared to 84.38% of PEDD patients. No major perioperative complications occurred as a result of the PEDD procedure. Of the five PEDD studies that reported pain outcomes, greater than 80% of patients experienced relief after intervention. Discussion and conclusion: These results suggest that PEDD may improve pathogen identification while simultaneously reducing pain compared to CT-guided needle biopsy in SD. Although current treatment guidelines recommend CT-guided biopsy, in patients with severe back pain and suspected SD, PEDD can be considered an alternative intervention.