"All Eyes on Me": A Qualitative Study of Parent and Patient Experiences of Multidisciplinary Care in Craniofacial Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated how adults with congenital craniofacial anomalies (CFAs) and parents experience the long-term and complex treatment offered by a multidisciplinary team (MDT). DESIGN: Exploratory-descriptive qualitative study based on individual semistructured interviews. SETTING: Centralized national follow-up and treatment of CFAs by a multidisciplinary craniofacial team from which participants were systematically recruited. PARTICIPANTS: The sample included 48 parents of children with CFAs and 16 adults with CFAs (N = 64). RESULTS: In general, participants reported to be satisfied with the follow-up and treatment they received from the MDT. Still, some aspects of treatment were experienced as demanding such as the large number of health professionals present during the consultation and being the object of their scrutinizing attention. Health professionals' communication skills were described as central for participants' involvement in, and satisfaction with, treatment. Participants also expressed a need for more treatment-related information regarding future treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Findings could have implications for the organization of care for parents and patients with rare CFAs. The many advantages of MDTs also create unique challenges for patients and parents that need to be addressed. Patients and families should be prepared for the first consultation with the MDT. Health professionals should be aware of their communication style when interacting with patients and be aware of individual differences and needs regarding treatment-related experiences and expectations.

Stereotypes of Women and Men Across Gender Subgroups.

In this paper, we argue for the value of studying gender stereotypes at the subgroup level, combining insights from the stereotype content model, social role theory, and intersectional perspectives. Empirically, we investigate the stereotype content of gender subgroups in Norway, a cultural context for which a systematic description of stereotypes of gender subgroups is lacking. In a pilot study (n = 60), we established salient subgroups within the Norwegian context. Employing the stereotype content model, these groups were rated on warmth and competence in a main study (n = 191). Combining social role and intersectional perspectives, we compared stereotypes of women and men in the same social roles and social categories across subgroups. Comparisons between subgroups of women and men occupying the same social role indicated that at the subgroup level, women are often viewed as warmer than men, whereas the reverse appears to be a rare exception. Competence ratings, however, did not show this consistency. Our results at the subgroup level are consistent with research indicating that current gender stereotypes converge on constructs related to the competence dimension and remain divergent for constructs related to warmth.