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The objective is to verify the effects of pesticides on the health of farmers in the southern region of Brazil, as well as the possible symptoms and cases of intoxication. This study has a quantitative, descriptive and exploratory approach, carried out in 12 agricultural locations in the municipality of Serra Catarinense. This research was approved by the research ethics committee and was applied through a structured questionnaire to 79 farmers who grow grains in the conventional cultivation system. The pesticide most used by farmers was glyphosate, followed by acephate. Of the individuals, 21.5% reported that they had suffered poisoning by pesticides by the respiratory route (58.8%). In addition, 28% had three symptoms of intoxication, demonstrating possible probable cases of intoxication. And 41% of workers reported headaches as a predominant symptom in applications with the use of pesticides, followed by dizziness/vertigo (16%). Farmers who use PPE during the preparation of the pesticide spray are neither chronic diseases (p<0.003) nor psychological problems (p<0.000). All four individuals who had cancer, all also eat while applying pesticides (p<0.049). The exposure to pesticides causes changes in the organism of those exposed, using them more vulnerable to health problems.
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Exposição Ocupacional , Praguicidas , Agricultura , Estudos Transversais , Fazendeiros , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The demand for sustainable, healthy, and pesticide-free food has grown in recent years. Agroecological seeds cannot receive chemical treatment, as pesticides present toxicological and environmental risks, requiring the development of alternative methods for disease control, such as the use of essential oils. In this study, orange essential oil was extracted and encapsulated in zein nanoparticles by the nanoprecipitation method. The nanoparticles were tested for the antifungal activity on agroecological maize seeds and for the mycelial sensitivity of Stenocarpella macrospora. The synthesized nanoparticles presented good encapsulation efficiency (99 %) of orange essential oil rich in D-limonene, conferring high antioxidant activity to the loaded nanoparticles. The release profile indicated a pseudo-Fickian mechanism governed by diffusion, explained according to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy showed spherical nanoparticles with particle size lower than 200 nm. The nanoparticles containing orange essential oil inhibited the incidence of Fusarium during the storage of agroecological maize seeds. The mycelial sensitivity against Stenocarpella macrospora showed that the encapsulated essential oil was more effective in inhibiting the fungus when compared to the non-encapsulated oil. Therefore, the nanoparticles containing encapsulated orange essential oil can be effectively applied as an antifungal material for the conservation of agroecological maize seeds, contributing to the development of sustainable agricultural biotechnology with pesticide-free products.
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Nanopartículas , Óleos Voláteis , Praguicidas , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Zea mays , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Incidência , Fungos , SementesRESUMO
The objective was to compare the types and concentrations of pesticides allowed in the water potability standard for human supply in Brazil with other countries considered to be the largest consumers of pesticides in dollars invested in purchase/trade. This is a descriptive and documentary study, with data collection in regulations available in official government websites in Brazil, USA, China, Japan, France, Germany, Canada, Argentina, India, Italy, and World Health Organization (WHO). Since Germany, France and Italy are part of the European Union (EU), the legislative resolution of the European Parliament was adopted. Pesticides number and maximum permitted values (MPV) differ between the countries and WHO. In the Brazilian ordinance there are forty pesticides, a number like the USA, Canada, China, and WHO, but that represents only 8% of the total pesticides registered for agricultural use in Brazil. When comparing the ordinance of Brazil with EU the values are only the same for Aldrin + Dieldrin. For other, amounts between 2 and 5000 times more are allowed in Brazil. Brazilian regulations do not establish a total value for the mixture of pesticides in water, only individual limits, which together can reach 1677.13 µg/L, while in EU standards it is only 0.5 µg/L. The study showed discrepancies of the pesticides allowed in water potability standard of the Brazil with other countries, but features 12 pesticides with the same concentrations as WHO guidelines, thus, a worldwide standardization in water potability regulations is necessary to promote health and reducing risk of exposure.
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INTRODUCTION: Pesticides can trigger kidney disease. OBJECTIVE: To describe the exposure to pesticides of patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis. METHODS: Quantitative and descriptive field research, with 90 patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis in two hemodialysis units in the state of Santa Catarina, through the application of a structured questionnaire. Participants were divided into two groups: with and without exposure to pesticides. The questionnaire was applied in hemodialysis clinics during treatment. Laboratory test values were collected from clinical records. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and association using the chi-square test. For laboratory test data, a comparison of means was performed using the unpaired Student's t-test between the groups. RESULTS: The mean age of exposed participants was 58 years (±13.7; minimum = 23; maximum = 75) and that of non-exposed participants was 64 years old (±13.9; minimum = 35; maximum = 96). Of the 90 patients, 30% were exposed to pesticides. The mean exposure time was 6.7 ± 3.8 hours/day. There was a statistically significant association between the preparation of the mixture with pesticides and diabetes (p ≤ 0.048). There was no statistically significant difference between the results of laboratory tests in the exposed and non-exposed groups. CONCLUSION: This study shows that pesticides can be triggering factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, we must expand research in this field to prove the relationship between exposure to pesticides and CKD.
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The nanoencapsulation of essential oils for biodegradable films functionalization is a viable alternative for the production of active food packaging. In this study, the Cinnamodendron dinisii Schwanke essential oil was nanoencapsulated using zein as wall material, and applied in chitosan matrix to produce an active nanocomposite film packaging for food conservation. The chemical composition of the Cinnamodendron dinisii Schwanke essential oil showed a variety of unexplored bioactive compounds, and 1,8-cineole was the major compound. The oil nanoencapsulation produced stable and homogeneous nanoparticles with zeta potential close to 30 mV and polydispersity index lower than 0.2. The nanoparticles size showed a size variation between 70 and 110 nm. The chitosan films obtained functionalized with nanoparticles demonstrated antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity. The active packaging containing zein nanoparticles was efficient in the conservation of ground beef, stabilizing the deterioration reactions and preserving the color.
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Quitosana/química , Magnoliaceae/química , Zeína/química , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Embalagem de Alimentos/métodos , Magnoliaceae/metabolismo , Magnoliopsida/química , Magnoliopsida/metabolismo , Nanocompostos/química , Nanopartículas/química , Óleos Voláteis/químicaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Introduction: Pesticides can trigger kidney disease. Objective: To describe the exposure to pesticides of patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis. Methods: Quantitative and descriptive field research, with 90 patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis in two hemodialysis units in the state of Santa Catarina, through the application of a structured questionnaire. Participants were divided into two groups: with and without exposure to pesticides. The questionnaire was applied in hemodialysis clinics during treatment. Laboratory test values were collected from clinical records. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and association using the chi-square test. For laboratory test data, a comparison of means was performed using the unpaired Student's t-test between the groups. Results: The mean age of exposed participants was 58 years (±13.7; minimum = 23; maximum = 75) and that of non-exposed participants was 64 years old (±13.9; minimum = 35; maximum = 96). Of the 90 patients, 30% were exposed to pesticides. The mean exposure time was 6.7 ± 3.8 hours/day. There was a statistically significant association between the preparation of the mixture with pesticides and diabetes (p ≤ 0.048). There was no statistically significant difference between the results of laboratory tests in the exposed and non-exposed groups. Conclusion: This study shows that pesticides can be triggering factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, we must expand research in this field to prove the relationship between exposure to pesticides and CKD.
Resumo Introdução: O uso de agrotóxicos pode desencadear doença renal. Objetivo: Descrever a exposição a agrotóxicos de pacientes com doença renal crônica em tratamento dialítico. Métodos: Pesquisa de campo, quantitativa e descritiva, com 90 portadores de doença renal crônica em tratamento dialítico em duas unidades de hemodiálise no estado de Santa Catarina, por meio da aplicação de um questionário estruturado. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: sem e com exposição a agrotóxicos. O questionário foi aplicado nas clínicas de hemodiálise durante o tratamento. Foram coletados valores de exames laboratoriais dos prontuários clínicos. Os dados foram analisados pela estatística descritiva e associação pelo teste qui-quadrado. Para os dados dos exames laboratoriais, foi realizada comparação de médias pelo teste t de Student não pareado entre os grupos. Resultados: A idade média dos participantes expostos foi de 58 anos (±13,7; mínimo = 23; máximo = 75) e a dos não expostos, de 64 anos (±13,9; mínimo = 35; máximo = 96). Dos 90 pacientes, 30% foram expostos a agrotóxicos. O tempo médio de exposição foi de 6,7 ± 3,8 horas/dia. Houve associação estatística significativa entre o preparo da calda com agrotóxicos e a presença de diabetes (p ≤ 0,048). Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os resultados dos exames laboratoriais do grupo exposto e do não exposto. Conclusão Esta pesquisa evidencia que os agrotóxicos podem ser fatores desencadeadores da doença renal crônica (DRC), entretanto sugere-se ampliar pesquisas na área que possam comprovar a relação entre exposição a agrotóxicos e DRC.
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ABSTRACT: Disease management in conventional potato crops requires the use of larger amounts of phytosanitary products and increased toxicity with regard to organic cultivation which may pose a risk to human health and have a negative impact on the environment as well. The present study aimed to evaluate the yield and the reaction of potato genotypes to both late blight and to early blight under an organic system of cultivation. Eperiments were conducted in the field in the municipalities of Lages, SC and Quilombo, SC, south Brazil, during the crops of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. The experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications; The following eight local clones from the Santa Catarina mountain range (serra) were evaluated: SJ01273-1; SJ01251-1; SJ01213-1; SMSJ07344-54; SJ04510-1; SJ05621-11; SJ02411-5; and SJ04521-3; and 8 commercial cultivars were assessed as follows: Agate, Asterix, and Monalisa of Dutch origin; Panda of German origin; and BRS Ana, BRS Eliza, Cota, and Catucha of Brazilian origin. Incidence and severity of late blight and early bright and the weight and number of tubers produced were evaluated. Potato genotypes showed variability in terms of tuber production and disease resistance. The regional clone 15 and cultivars BRS Ana and Cota presented resistance to early blight and to late blight in both cultivated sites. Genotype 35 and cvs. Asterix and BRS Ana were the ones that had the largest productions. Genotype 35 was the most productive one among all genotypes/clones evaluated (16,926.81kg ha-1). There was variability between different local potato genotypes in terms of productivity potential and resistance to diseases under the organic system of cultivation. These findings showed that there is a source of resistance to genetic improvement programs.
RESUMO: O manejo de doenças nos cultivos convencionais de batata requer emprego de maior quantidade de produtos fitossanitários e de maior toxicidade em relação ao cultivo orgânico, que pode acarretar riscos a saúde humana e impacto ambiental. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o rendimento e a reação de genótipos de batata à requeima e à pinta preta sob sistema orgânico de cultivo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos a campo nas safras 2012/2013 e 2013/2014 em Lages/SC e em Quilombo/SC. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se oito clones locais oriundas da serra catarinense: SJ01273-1; SJ01251-1; SJ01213-1; SMSJ07344-54; SJ04510-1; SJ05621-11; SJ02411-5; SJ04521-3 e oito cultivares comerciais: Ágata, Asterix e Monalisa de origem holandesa; Panda de origem alemã e BRS Ana, BRS Eliza, Cota e Catucha de origem brasileira. Foram realizadas avaliações de incidência e severidade da requeima e pinta preta e do peso e número de tubérculos produzidos. Os genótipos de batata apresentaram variabilidade na produção de tubérculos e de resistência a doenças. O clone regional 15 e as cultivares BRS Ana e Cota apresentaram resistência à pinta preta e a requeima, em ambos os locais cultivados. O genótipo 35 e as cvs. Asterix e BRS Ana apresentaram as maiores produções. O genótipo 35 foi o mais produtivo (16.926,81kg ha-1). Genótipos locais de batata apresentam variabilidade quanto ao potencial produtivo e resistência a doenças sob o sistema orgânico de cultivo, evidenciando fonte de resistência a programas de melhoramento genético.
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ABSTRACT Brazilian animal livestock is in full expansion but linked to the use of veterinary drugs which may be considered as emerging contaminants. The study aimed to characterize the disposal of Animal Healthcare Service Waste (AHSW), especially of veterinary drugs, besides identifying the most used drugs in the city of São Joaquim municipality, southern Brazil. Eighty-four cattle ranchers were interviewed through a structured questionnaire with closed questions about drugs use and disposal of the AHSW. The active ingredients of drugs most used were the antiparasitic ivermectin (68% of properties) and the antimicrobial oxytetracycline (48%). After the use, the disposal of the AHSW, including expired drugs, leftovers and wrapper, was the disposal next to the domestic trash, burned and deposited in the soil. The Chi square test showed association between the age of the participants and the disposal of sharp objects (X2 = 36,36, p= 0,020), showing that farmers aged above 60 years usually reuse, the ones who are 20 years old return to the place where they acquired the material and the rest adopts improper practices. The disposal practices of the AHSW adopted in the properties are still in disagreement with the current Brazilian legislation and may cause adverse effects on human, animal and environmental health.
RESUMO A pecuária brasileira está em franca expansão, porém associada ao uso de medicamentos veterinários que podem ser considerados contaminantes emergentes. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar o descarte dos Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde Animal (RSSA), especialmente dos medicamentos veterinários, além de identificar os medicamentos mais usados no município de São Joaquim, Sul do Brasil. Foram entrevistados 84 criadores de gado por meio de questionário estruturado com questões fechadas sobre uso de medicamentos e descarte dos RSSA. Os princípios ativos de medicamentos mais usados foram o antiparasitário ivermectina (68% das propriedades) e o antimicrobiano oxitetraciclina (48%). Após o uso, o descarte dos RSSA foi no resíduo domiciliar, queimado e a depositado no solo. O teste Qui quadrado mostrou associação entre a idade dos participantes e o descarte de perfurocortantes (X2 = 36,36, p= 0,020), evidenciando que agricultores com idade acima de 60 anos costumam reutilizar, aqueles com idade abaixo de 20 anos devolvem no local onde adquirem o material e os demais adotam práticas inadequadas para o descarte. As práticas de descarte dos RSSA adotadas nas propriedades rurais estão em desacordo com a legislação brasileira vigente e podem ocasionar efeitos adversos na saúde humana, animal e ambiental.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.) is the second most important winter crop in Southern Brazil. The excessive rainfall in this region during the crop-growing season increases the frequency and intensity of foliar fungal diseases. The research aimed to determine the damage function equations (DFE) for the multiple pathosystem of barley brown spot and powdery mildew based on the relationship between grain yield and diseases intensity at different 'BRS Cauê' cultivar growth stages (GS) during 2009 and 2010 growing seasons in Southern Brazil. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and four replicates. The disease gradients were generated by strobilurins and triazols fungicides rates and number of applications on barley cv. Cauê. The fungicide applications and disease incidence and severity assessments were performed at the 22, 31, 39, 45 and 56 plant GS. The DFE were obtained by variance analysis and linear regression between grain yield and diseases intensity. Significant and negative DFE were obtained and the damage coefficients (DC) varied from 29.48 to 100.08 (2009) and from 36.08 to 113.57kg ha-1 (2010) for incidence, and from 219.5 to 6,276.6 (2009) and 102.3 to 5,292.5kg ha-1 (2010) for severity. The largest damage coefficients were obtained when diseases assessments were made on GS 22 and 31 on both growing seasons evaluated. DFE were used to calculate the economic damage threshold (EDT) as a criterion to indicate the fungicide application moment to control the diseases in cultivars similar to 'BRS Cauê' in Southern Brazil.
A cevada (Hordeum vulgaris L.) é a segunda mais importante cultura de inverno no Sul do Brasil. Nessa região, o excesso de chuvas durante a estação de crescimento da cultura favorece o aumento na frequência e intensidade de doenças foliares. O trabalho objetivou determinar as equações de função de dano (EFD) para o patossistema múltiplo mancha-marrom e oídio da cevada pela relação entre rendimento de grãos e intensidade foliar das doenças em diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultivar de cevada 'BRS Cauê', nas safras 2009 e 2010 no sul do Brasil. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de diferentes doses e número de aplicações dos fungicidas triazóis e estrobilurinas para gerar os gradientes de intensidade das doenças. As aplicações de fungicidas e as avaliações da incidência e severidade foliar foram realizadas nos estádios fenológicos (EF) 22, 31, 39, 45 e 56. As equações foram obtidas pela análise de variância e regressão linear entre rendimento de grãos e intensidade das doenças. As EFD foram significativas e negativas e os coeficientes de danos variaram de 29,48 a 100,08kg ha-1 (2009) e 36,08 a 113,57kg ha-1 ( 2010) para a incidência e de 219,5 a 6.276,6kg ha-1 ( 2009) e 102,3 a 5.292,5kg ha-1 (2010). Os maiores coeficientes de dano foram obtidos nos estádios EF 22 e 31em ambas as safras. As EFD foram usadas para calcular o limiar de dano econômico, que é um critério que indica o correto momento de aplicação de fungicidas para o controle das doenças em cultivares similares a 'BRS Cauê' no sul do Brasil.