Low dose ultra-slow infusion thrombolytic therapy (LDUSITT) as an alternative option in a COVID-19 patient with free-floating right atrial thrombus: a case report and review of literature.

The hyper-coagulopathy nature of COVID-19 is a prevalent consequence among patients. Free-floating right atrial thrombi are a relatively rare finding and the optimal therapy is a therapeutic dilemma.We present a 37-year-old woman with acute dyspnea and fatigue. Several ground glass opacities were shown on computed tomography of chest that further proved to be associated with severe COVID-19 disease. A transthoracic echocardiography revealed a mobile right atrial mass with bilateral pulmonary embolism. She was considered high risk for surgical therapy by cardiovascular surgeons. She was then started on anticoagulation therapy for 5 days however the size regression of the thrombus remained unchanged. A regimen of low dose (24 mg) ultra-slow (24 h) intravenous infusion of alteplase, without bolus was initiated. Following the third day of thrombolytic therapy, the control echocardiography demonstrated complete resolution of the thrombus.Prolonged infusion of low dose fibrinolytics can be an alternative treatment to surgery for right heart thrombi.

The effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on blood interleukin-6 concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: The low-grade chronic inflammation in diabetes plays an important role in development of cardiovascular and renal complications. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are recognized as protective agents for cardio-renal complications. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is positively associated with the pathophysiology of metabolic-related pathologies. The aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on blood IL-6 concentration in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: Embase, PubMed, and Scopus were systematically searched up to 1st of November 2023. The eligible studies were RCTs with adult population that had provided blood IL-6 for both control and intervention groups. Cochrane risk-of-bias tool were for study quality assessment. Data were analyzed using random effect model via Stata statistical software. RESULTS: Eighteen studies with a total of 5311 patients were included. Of which 3222 and 2052 patients were in intervention and control arm, respectively. Of the total population, 49.7% were men. The study durations ranged from 8 to 52 weeks. The pooled analysis showed a significant association between the use of SGLT2 inhibitors and lower IL-6 levels (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -1.04, Confidence Interval (CI): -1.48; -0.60, I2 = 96.93%). Dapagliflozin was observed to have a higher IL-6-lowering effect (SMD = -1.30, CI: -1.89; -0.71, I2 = 92.52) than empagliflozin or canagliflozin. Sub-group analysis of control groups (SMD = -0.58 (-1.01, -0.15) and -1.35 (-2.00, -0.70 for the placebo and active control sub-groups, respectively) and duration of interventions (SMD = -0.78 (-1.28, -0.28) and -1.20 (-1.86, -0.55) for study duration of ≤ 12 and > 12 weeks, respectively) did not change the results. Meta-regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the level of HbA1c and IL-6-lowering efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors. CONCLUSION: IL-6 levels are significantly reduced with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors with HbA1c as the only marker influencing such reductions, and dapagliflozin had the highest potency. The anti-inflammatory effect of SGLT2 inhibitors supports their broader use to address diabetic complications related to inflammatory responses.

Study rationale and design of a study of EMPAgliflozin's effects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and Coronary ARtery disease: the EMPA-CARD randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Recent trials have revealed that sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) are effective against hyperglycemia and also reduce micro- and macro-vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Most of the beneficial cardiovascular effects have been investigated in patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease (CAD). Yet, few human studies have been conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these clinically beneficial effects in patients with CAD. Accordingly, the EMPA-CARD trial was designed to focus on the molecular effects of empagliflozin in patients with T2DM and CAD. METHODS: In this multicenter, triple-blind randomized controlled trial, patients with documented known T2DM and CAD will be recruited. They will be randomized on a 1:1 ratio and assigned into two groups of empagliflozin 10 mg/daily and placebo. The primary endpoint is the effect of empagliflozin on changes of plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) after 26 weeks of treatment. The secondary endpoints will consist of changes in other inflammatory biomarkers (Interleukin 1-beta and high-sensitive C-reactive protein), markers of oxidative stress, platelet function, and glycemic status. DISCUSSION: The EMPA-CARD trial mainly tests the hypothesis that SGLT2 inhibition by empagliflozin may improve inflammatory status measured as reduction in inflammatory biomarkers in patients with T2DM and CAD. The results will provide information about the underlying mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibition that mediate the beneficial effects of this medication on clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. www.IRCT.ir , Identifier: IRCT20190412043247N2. Registration Date: 6/13/2020. Registration timing: prospective.

The effect of colchicine on the echocardiographic constrictive physiology after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

BACKGROUND: Constrictive physiology is a transitory condition that could lead to constrictive pericarditis, which is a rare complication after open-heart surgery. Anti-inflammatory drugs like colchicine are recommended for prevention of constrictive pericarditis; however, there is no evidence about the effect of colchicine on constrictive pericarditis. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the preventive effect of colchicine on the incidence of echocardiographic constrictive physiology after open-heart surgery. METHODS: This was a parallel randomized, double-blind trial. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 1 mg colchicine once-daily from 48 hours before and 0.5 mg twice daily for 5 days after surgery. Primary outcome was the incidence of the constrictive physiology after primary endpoint (1 week after the surgery). The secondary outcome was the primary outcome after secondary endpoint (4 weeks after surgery) plus the new cases of constrictive physiology between the primary and secondary endpoints. RESULTS: Out of 160 participating patients, the primary outcome occurred in 19 patients (23%) in placebo and 11 (13%) in intervention groups. There was no significant difference between two groups (P = .106). After 4 weeks of follow-up, 19 patients (23%) in placebo and 9 (11%) in intervention groups had constrictive physiology whereas 2 out of 11 patients (18.2%) were recovered. The difference was significant (P = .038). No new case of constrictive physiology occurred between primary and secondary endpoints. CONCLUSION: Short-term use of colchicine has a preventive effect on reducing constrictive physiology after 1 month of open-heart surgery but not a week after that.

GATA4 screening in Iranian patients of various ethnicities affected with congenital heart disease: Co-occurrence of a novel de novo translocation (5;7) and a likely pathogenic heterozygous GATA4 mutation in a family with autosomal dominant congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect and a major health problem around the world. However, its exact etiology has remained unclear. Among various genetic contributing factors, GATA4 transcription factor plays a significant role in the CHD pathogenesis. In this study, GATA4 coding sequence was screened in Iranian patients of various ethnicities. METHODS: Sixty six individuals with familial CHD referred to our center were recruited in this study. After receiving written informed consent from each individual or their parents, chromosomal analyses and GATA4 variant screening were performed. Pathogenicity of the suspected variants was evaluated using available online software tools: CADD, Mutation Taster, SIFT, and PolyPhen-2. RESULTS: A total of twelve GATA4 variants were detected including five intronic, 2 exonic and 3 polymorphisms as well as 2 missense mutations, the c.1220C>A and c.1309G>A. Unlike the c.1220C>A, the likely pathogenic heterozygous c.1309G>A has not been previously associated with any phenotype. Here, we not only report, for the first time, a c.1309G>A-related CHD, but also report a novel de novo balanced translocation, 46,XY,t(5;7)(qter13;qter11), in the same patient which may have influenced the disease severity. CONCLUSION: From screening GATA4 sequence in 66 Iranian patients of various ethnicities, we conclude that cytogenetic analysis and PCR-direct sequencing of different candidate genes may not be the best approach for genetic diagnosis in CHD. Applying novel approaches such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) may provide a better understating of genetic contributing factors in CHD patients for whom conventional methods could not reveal any genetic causative factor.

Investigation factors affecting the first recurrence of coronary artery disease in patients undergone angioplasty using cox survival model.

Background: The incidence of restenosis in patients suffering from coronary artery disease after undergoing angioplasty is of paramount importance. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate factors affecting the time of the first incidence of restenosis in patients undergone angioplasty in the city of Zanjan, Iran. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on 421 patients who referred to Ayatollah Musavi hospital in Zanjan for angioplasty during 2009 to 2012. The time of the incidence of restenosis after angioplasty constituted the dependent variable of the study. Independent variables of the study included signs of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, kidney disease, carotid stenosis, lung disease, anemia, angina history, and MI. The Cox regression model with the significance level of 0.05 was deployed for the statistical analysis. Results: According to the Cox regression model, hazard ratio of the first incidence of restenosis in patients with hypertension and angina was 22.8% and 29.5% less than other patients, respectively. However, hazard ratio of the first incidence of restenosis was 7.4 times more in patients suffering from carotid stenosis than other patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that as time goes on, the risk of the incidence of restenosis in angioplasty patients increases such that patients' survival decreases dramatically after a year. To determine the role of effective factors on the incidence of restenosis, conducting a prospective interventional study is highly recommended.

Circulating Levels of Calprotectin as a Biomarker in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Calprotectin, also known as MRP8/14, is generated by immune cells and is altered in several inflammatory diseases. Studies have assessed their levels in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and its subtypes (stable CAD and acute coronary syndrome [ACS]). Herein, we aimed to systematically investigate these associations through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in four online databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Web of Science. Relevant studies were retrieved, screened, and extracted. Random-effect meta-analysis was performed for the calculation of standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Blood calprotectin levels were compared between CAD patients and controls, as well as CAD subtypes. RESULTS: A total of 20 studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, comprising 3300 CAD patients and 1230 controls. Patients with CAD had significantly higher calprotectin levels (SMD 0.81, 95% CI 0.32-1.30, p < 0.01). Similarly, patients with ACS were reported to have higher levels compared to those with stable CAD. However, there was no significant difference in terms of blood calprotectin levels between stable CAD cases and healthy controls. Finally, studies have shown that calprotectin could be used as a diagnostic biomarker of CAD while also predicting major adverse events and mortality in these patients. CONCLUSION: Based on our findings, calprotectin, as an inflammatory marker, could be used as a possible biomarker for patients with CAD and ACS. These suggest the possibility of pathophysiological pathways for this involvement and warrant further research on these associations as well as their clinical utility.

Empagliflozin improves left ventricular ejection fraction and end systolic volume in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: a post-hoc analysis of EMPA-CARD trial.

Background: Sodium glucose co-transporter2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have exhibited cardioprotective properties in diabetes patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Empagliflozin on changes in echocardiographic parameters. Methods: This was a post hoc analysis of the EMPA-CARD trial which was a multicenter, triple-blind randomized controlled trial. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with concomitant history of coronary artery disease were randomized on a 1:1 ratio into two groups receiving either 10 mg/day Empagliflozin or placebo. Patients with a history of heart failure (NYHA class 3-4) and ejection fraction (EF) < 40% were excluded. Trans-thoracic echocardiography was performed at baseline and at 26 weeks of intervention. Results: A total of 69 (Empagliflozin = 39 and placebo = 30) patients underwent echocardiography. Significant changes were observed for left ventricular ejection fraction [standard error (SE) = 0.76; beta (95% correlation interval (CrI)] = -5.558 (-7.25; -4.18) and left ventricular end-systolic volume (SE = 1.38; beta (95% CrI) = 3.915 (1.2; 0.66). Other echocardiographic parameters relating to right ventricular or atrial function did not change significantly. Conclusion: Empagliflozin can have cardioprotective benefits in subjects without HF. Further studies are required to determine the effect of Empagliflozin in non-HF patients. Trial registration: The original EMPA-CARD study has been registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. www.IRCT.ir, Identifier: IRCT20190412043247N2. Registration Date: 6/13/2020. Registration timing: prospective.

The effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension and ketogenic diets intervention on serum uric acid concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Hyperuricemia as a risk factor for metabolic diseases is proved to be profoundly modified by dietary approaches. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials (RCT) was conducted to investigate the effect of two nutritional interventions; dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and ketogenic diet (KD) on serum uric acid (UA) concentrations. Our systematic search was for RCTs in which KD or DASH diet were assigned to adults for at least 2 weeks or more. Until March 2023 in Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases, 10 eligible RCTs that intervened with DASH diet (n = 4) or KD (n = 6) and had provided laboratory data on serum UA were found. Summary effect was calculated by random-effects model. Results from the meta-analysis of the 4 DASH diet RCTs with a total of 590 participants revealed significant decrease in serum UA after at least 4 weeks of interventions (mean difference (MD) = ‒0.25; 95% CI ‒0.4 to ‒0.1 mg/dL; p < 0.01; I2 = 0%). The pooled meta-analysis of the 6 included RCTs of KD reporting data of 267 participants showed no significant changes in serum UA (MD = 0.26; 95% CI ‒0.47 to 0.98 mg/dL, I2 = 95.32%). However, a non-significant reduction of UA in the subgroup analysis of very low-calorie KD (VLCKD) studies (MD = ‒0.04; 95% CI ‒0.29 to 0.22, I2 = 0%) was obtained. DASH diet has an ameliorating effect on serum UA and may be recommended for hyperuricemia states such as gout. In addition, we have shown that serum UA level following KD remained unchanged. Although, in view of the heterogeneity across the studies, further investigations are needed to determine the effect of KD and VLKD on serum UA concentrations.

Effectiveness of "Centaurea behen" root on quality of life in patients with systolic heart failure: A randomized clinical trial.

Introduction: The effect of Centaurea behen (Cb) on patients with systolic heart failure is not known academically. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Cb on improving the quality of life (QoL) and echocardiographic and biochemical blood parameters in patients with systolic heart failure. Methods: This study was a parallel double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of 60 patients with systolic heart failure, was conducted from May 2018 up to August 2019. Intervention group received 150 mg twice daily Cb capsules for two months + Guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT), and control group received GDMT + placebo capsules for two months. The main aim of the present study were to assess the QoL based on the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and the Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire (MLHFQ). Independent T-test, paired T-test, and ANOVA were used for the analysis. Results: At the beginning of the present study there were no significant differences between study groups in terms of QoL and clinical results. After treatment, the average values of QoL based on MLHFQ and 6MWT instruments were significantly improved 15.5 and 36.18, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the MLHFQ, and 6MWT tests, the consumption of Centaurea behen root extract was associated with significant improvement in the quality of life of patients with systolic heart failure.

Left ventricular thrombus formation in a COVID-19 patient with a complex course of pericarditis and myocardial infarction.

Our case demonstrated that thrombotic complications such as coronary thrombosis and left ventricular clot could occur even in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with nonspecific symptoms which indicates the mysterious face of COVID-19. This complex process highlights the necessity of screening patients for COVID-19 disease even with nonspecific cardiac symptoms.

Postmortem Histopathologic Findings and SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Autopsy Kidneys of Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the prevalence of postmortem kidney histopathologic features of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in addition to the rate of renal tropism in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: We searched Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus up to September 2022 to identify eligible studies. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence. Cochran Q test and Higgins I2 were used to assess evidence of heterogeneity. RESULTS: In total, 39 studies were included in the systematic review. The meta-analysis included 35 studies consisting of a total of 954 patients, with an average age of 67.1 years. The pooled prevalence of acute tubular injury (ATI)-related changes was the predominant finding (85% [95% confidence interval, 71%-95%]), followed by arteriosclerosis (80%), vascular congestion (66%), and glomerulosclerosis (40%). Endotheliitis (7%), fibrin microthrombi (12%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (1%), and calcium crystal deposits (1%) were seen in a smaller number of autopsies. The overall average rate of virus detection was 47.79% in the pooled data of 21 studies (272 samples). CONCLUSIONS: The main finding-ATI-correlated to clinical COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in kidney samples in addition to vascular lesions in kidneys can be linked to direct kidney invasion by the virus.

Empagliflozin improves high-sensitive cardiac troponin-I and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: a post-hoc analysis of EMPA-CARD Trial.

Background: Empagliflozin is a sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that has been suggested to improve cardiac function and vascular recovery. The risk of coronary artery diseases is much higher in diabetic patients and is associated with greater morbidity and mortality. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin-I (hs-cTnI) is an important prognostic biomarker in cardiac diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of empagliflozin compared to placebo on changes in hs-cTnI and lipid profile after 26 weeks of treatment. Methods: This was an ancillary study in a randomized trial of patients with concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD) (The EMPA-CARD study). Patients who were already on standard anti-diabetic/anti-ischemic medications were randomized to receive either placebo or empagliflozin 10 mg/daily. Serum hs-cTnI and lipid profile were measured at baseline and after 26 weeks. Results: Of the 95 randomized patients, hs-cTnI and lipid profile were measured for a total of 77 patients. No significant difference was observed regarding the baseline characteristics between the two arms. Compared to placebo, empagliflozin significantly reduced hs-cTnI after 26 weeks (mean difference (MD) of -13.242, 95%CI: -14.151 to -12.333, p < 0.001). In the empagliflozin group, non-significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride have resulted; however, there was an increase in HDL-C level (MD = 2.40,95%CI:0.16-4.60, p < 0.04). Conclusion: Empagliflozin compared to placebo was superior in reducing circulating hs-cTnI that may indicate improvements in cardiomyocytes function in patients with T2DM and CAD. Moreover, empagliflozin had a modest impact on the serum lipid profile biomarkers. Trial registration: The original EMPA-CARD study has been registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. www.IRCT.ir, Identifier: IRCT20190412043247N2. Registration Date: 6/13/2020. Registration timing: prospective.

The effect of EMPAgliflozin on markers of inflammation in patients with concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus and Coronary ARtery Disease: the EMPA-CARD randomized controlled trial.

Systemic inflammation and oxidative burden in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) causes deleterious cardiovascular outcomes. We sought to investigate the clinical antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of empagliflozin. Platelet function, oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers and pro-inflammatory agents at baseline and at 26 weeks were measured. A total of 95 patients (41.05% male, mean age 62.85 ± 7.91 years, mean HbA1c 7.89 ± 0.96%) with concomitant T2DM and coronary artery disease (CAD) were randomized (1:1) to receive empagliflozin (10 mg/daily) or placebo. Patients treated with empagliflozin had lower levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) (adjusted difference (adiff): - 1.06 pg/mL, 95% CI - 1.80; - 0.32, P = 0.006), interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) (adiff: - 4.58 pg/mL and - 2.86 mg/L; P = 0.32 and 0.003, respectively) compared to placebo. There were elevations in super oxidase dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione (GSHr), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with empagliflozin (adiff: 3.7 U/mL, 0.57 muM, and 124.08 mmol/L, 95% CI 1.36; 6.05, 0.19; 0.95, and 47.98; 200.18, P = 0.002, 0.004, and 0.002, respectively). While reactive oxygen species (ROS) improved significantly (adiff: - 342.51, 95% CI - 474.23; - 210.79, P < 0.001), the changes in catalase activity (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), or protein carbonyl groups (PCG) were not significant. Moreover, the P-selectin antigen expression on platelet surface was significantly reduced (adiff: - 8.81, 95% CI - 14.87; - 2.75, P = 0.005). Markers of glycemic status (fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance) significantly improved (P < 0.001). Among patients with T2DM and CAD, 6-month treatment with empagliflozin can mitigate inflammation, platelet activity and oxidative stress and is associated with clinical cardiovascular benefits.Trial Registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. www.IRCT.ir , Identifier: IRCT20190412043247N2. Registration Date: 6/13/2020. Registration timing: prospective.

Association between ST-segment resolution after primary angioplasty and short-term outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the early/late complete ST-resolution and short-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing primary angioplasty. METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of patients with acute myocardial infarction who candidate for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during 1 year. An ECG obtained at the time of admission, 90 minutes and 24 hour after PCI. Patients were followed up for in hospital and 1-year outcomes and then data assessed according to the ST segment resolution (STR) (complete ≥70% and incomplete <70% STR). RESULTS: Overall, 124 patients included in the study. The rates of complete STR were 44.4% after 90 minutes and 82.3% after 24 hours. Patients with early complete STR had significant lower rates of heart failure after 1-year follow-up (32% versus 46%, OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.42-2.50, P=0.005) but not like patients with late STR. No significant relationship was observed between early/late complete STR and re-infarction, stroke, re-hospitalization and death during 1-year follow-up (P>0.05). Moderate correlations were found between percentage of ST resolution after 90 minutes and EF before discharge and final EF (correlation coefficient: 0.395 and 0.488, respectively, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Early complete STR can be an indicator for development of heart failure after 1-year follow-up.

Risk Factors Associated with Heart Valve Thrombosis in Patients with Prosthetic Heart Valve Dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Thrombotic and thromboembolic events are important causes of mortality and morbidity in patients with prosthetic heart valve. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors that may contribute to prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in Rajaie Heart Center on patients with prosthetic heart valve malfunction, within a year. According to the echocardiographic and fluoroscopic findings, the patients were divided into two groups (thrombosis and non-thrombosis groups). The patients' demographic, clinical and laboratory data were recorded and analyzed with SPSS software. RESULTS: A total of 142 patients participated in this study. Ninety-four patients (66.2%) were diagnosed with thrombosis. There was a significant relationship between thrombosis and inadequate anti-coagulation (international normalized rati [INR] <2.5) (odds ratio [OR]: 4.15, 95% CI: 1.98-9.87, P = 0.003), history of infection (OR: 12.81, 95% CI: 3.52-19.02, P<0.001), prothrombin time (PT) check interval (OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.63-8.47, P = 0.019), atrial fibrillation (AF) rhythm (OR: 3.96, 95% CI: 1.75-8.09, P = 0.019), and plasma fibrinogen level (OR: 6.90, 95% CI: 2.58-14.69). CONCLUSION: Based on this study, inadequate anti-coagulation, AF rhythm, recent infection and plasma fibrinogen level were the factors most contributing to prosthetic valve thrombosis. As there were many cases of thrombosis in patients with history of infection, this factor can be considered for risk assessment in prosthetic valve.