Antimicrobial Isoflavans and Other Metabolites of Dalea jamesii.

The phytochemical investigation of extracts of Dalea jamesii root and aerial portions led to the isolation of ten phenolic compounds. Six previously undescribed prenylated isoflavans, summarily named ormegans A - F (1 - 6: ), were characterized, along with two new arylbenzofurans (7, 8: ), a known flavone (9: ), and a known chroman (10: ). The structures of the new compounds were deduced by NMR spectroscopy, supported by HRESI mass spectrometry. The absolute configurations of 1 - 6: were determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Compounds 1 - 9: exhibited in vitro antimicrobial activities, causing 98% or greater growth inhibition at concentrations as low as 2.5 - 5.1 µM against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Interestingly, the most active compound was the dimeric arylbenzofuran 8: (> 90% growth inhibition at 2.5 µM) against both methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis, tenfold more active than its corresponding monomer (7: ).

Effects of forest cover on richness of threatened fish species in Japan.

Estuaries--one of the most vulnerable ecosystems globally--face anthropogenic threats, including biodiversity loss and the collapse of sustainable fisheries. Determining the factors contributing to the maintenance of estuarine biodiversity, especially that of fish, is vital for promoting estuarine conservation and sustainability. We used environmental DNA metabarcoding analysis to determine fish species composition in 22 estuaries around Japan and measured watershed-scale land-use factors (e.g., population size, urban area percentage, and forest area percentage). We sought to test the hypothesis that the richness of the most vulnerable estuarine fish species (i.e., registered by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment in the national species red-list) is determined by watershed-scale land-use factors. The richness of such species was greater, where forest cover was highest; thus, forest cover contributes to their conservation. The proportion of agriculture cover was associated with low species richness of red-listed fishes (redundancy analysis, adjusted R2 = 43.9% of total variance, df = 5, F = 5.3843, p = 0.0001). The number of red-listed species increased from 3 to 11 along a watershed land-use gradient ranging from a high proportion of agriculture cover to a large proportion of forest cover. Furthermore, the results showed that throughout Japan all the examined watersheds that were covered by >74.8% forest had more than the average (6.7 species per site) richness of red-listed fish species. This result can be attributed to the already high average forest cover in Japan of 67.2%. Our results demonstrate how the land use of watersheds can affect the coastal sea environment and its biodiversity and suggest that proper forest management in conjunction with land-use management may be of prime importance for threatened fish species and coastal ecosystems in general.

Efectos de la Cobertura Forestal sobre la Riqueza de Especies Amenazadas de Peces en Japón Resumen Los estuarios-uno de los ecosistemas más vulnerables a nivel mundial-enfrentan amenazas causadas por el hombre, incluyendo la pérdida de biodiversidad y el colapso de las pesquerías sustentables. La determinación de los factores que contribuyen al mantenimiento de la biodiversidad estuarina, especialmente la de los peces, es vital para fomentar la conservación y sustentabilidad estuarinas. Usamos un análisis de metasecuenciación de ADN ambiental para determinar la composición de especies de peces en 22 estuarios de Japón y medimos los factores del uso de suelo a nivel de cuenca (p. ej.: tamaño poblacional, porcentaje de área urbana y porcentaje de área forestal). Buscamos probar la hipótesis de que la riqueza de las especies de peces más vulnerables (es decir, aquellas registradas por el Ministerio Japonés del Ambiente en la lista roja de especies a nivel nacional) está determinada por los factores de uso de suelo a nivel de cuenca. La riqueza de dichas especies fue mayor en donde la cobertura forestal era la más alta; por lo tanto, la cobertura forestal contribuye a la conservación de estas especies. La proporción de la cobertura agrícola estuvo asociada con una baja riqueza de especies de peces en la lista roja (análisis de redundancia, R2 ajustada = 43.9% de la varianza total, gl = 5, F = 5.3843, p = 0.0001). El número de especies en la lista roja incrementó de 3 a 11 a lo largo del gradiente de uso de suelo de la cuenca, yendo desde una proporción alta de cobertura agrícola a una proporción alta de cobertura forestal. Además, los resultados mostraron que, en Japón, todas las cuencas analizadas que contaban con una cobertura forestal >74.8% tenían mayor riqueza de especies de peces en la lista roja que el promedio (6.7 especies por sitio). Este resultado puede atribuirse a la ya de por sí elevada cobertura forestal de Japón (67.2%). Nuestros resultados demuestran cómo el uso de las cuencas puede afectar al ambiente costero marino y a su biodiversidad y sugiere que la gestión adecuada de los bosques en conjunto con el manejo del uso de suelo puede ser de suma importancia para las especies amenazadas de peces y los ecosistemas costeros en general.

Onset of nutrient consumption during early life stage digestive system development of two tuna species (Thunnus orientalis and Thunnus albacares).

To specify the timing of exogenous nutrient consumption in the larvae of two commercially important tuna species, the Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF) Thunnus orientalis and the yellowfin tuna (YFT) Thunnus albacares, the gene expressions of peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) were examined. The mRNA expressions of PEPT1 first occurred at 2 days post hatching (dph) in PBF larvae and 3 dph for the YFT, and PEPT1 was found to only be expressed in the intestinal tract. The histological changes of the digestive tract of the YFT larvae were observed and compared to PBF larvae from a previous study. The intestines were developed at the hatching day for both species. It was found that the developmental timing of internal organs differed between the species, with the YFT showing an approximately one-day delay. The major organs such as liver, pancreas and gall bladder that excrete digestive enzymes appeared at 1 dph for PBF and 2 dph for YFT. The development of external morphological features was similar to organ development timings, with mouth-opening and first feeding starting at 2 dph for PBF, and 3 dph for YFT. Growth during the first month is rapid and variable for both species, ranging from 1.06 to 1.56 mm/d. Our findings provide new information about the early onset of feeding and larval development for the two species which would contribute to future aquaculture.

Activation of α-Fe2 O3 for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Strongly Enhanced by Low Temperature Annealing in Low Oxygen Containing Ambient.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a promising method for the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy stored in the form of hydrogen. Nanostructured hematite (α-Fe2 O3 ) is one of the most attractive materials for a highly efficient charge carrier generation and collection due to its large specific surface area and the short minority carrier diffusion length. In the present work, the PEC water splitting performance of nanostructured α-Fe2 O3 is investigated which was prepared by anodization followed by annealing in a low oxygen ambient (0.03 % O2 in Ar). It was found that low oxygen annealing can activate a significant PEC response of α-Fe2 O3 even at a low temperature of 400 °C and provide an excellent PEC performance compared with classic air annealing. The photocurrent of the α-Fe2 O3 annealed in the low oxygen at 1.5 V vs. RHE results as 0.5 mA cm-2 , being 20 times higher than that of annealing in air. The obtained results show that the α-Fe2 O3 annealed in low oxygen contains beneficial defects and promotes the transport of holes; it can be attributed to the improvement of conductivity due to the introduction of suitable oxygen vacancies in the α-Fe2 O3 . Additionally, we demonstrate the photocurrent of α-Fe2 O3 annealed in low oxygen ambient can be further enhanced by Zn-Co LDH, which is a co-catalyst of oxygen evolution reaction. This indicates low oxygen annealing generates a promising method to obtain an excellent PEC water splitting performance from α-Fe2 O3 photoanodes.

Variation of Japanese eel eDNA in sequentially changing conditions and in different sample volumes.

Environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys have been conducted to evaluate the distribution and abundance of Japanese eels. However, various environmental and biological factors may influence eDNA concentrations. An experiment was conducted using three water sample replicates (50, 100 and 200 ml) of the same group of eels in a tank that were exposed to sequential nonfeeding/feeding and low/high temperature conditions. Slightly higher concentrations occurred at higher temperature (22-23°C) with nonfeeding, and the highest concentrations occurred when feeding started even though it was in the lower temperature (16-17°C) condition, but sample volume had no effect.

Antitumor Effect of Pyrogallol via miR-134 Mediated S Phase Arrest and Inhibition of PI3K/AKT/Skp2/cMyc Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Though Pyrogallol, one of the natural polyphenols, was known to have anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects in breast and colon cancers, the underlying antitumor mechanisms of Pyrogallol, still remain unclear so far. Here, the antitumor mechanisms of Pyrogallol were elucidated in Hep3B and Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCs). Pyrogallol showed significant cytotoxicity and reduced the number of colonies in Hep3B and Huh7 cells. Interestingly, Pyrogallol induced S-phase arrest and attenuated the protein expression of CyclinD1, Cyclin E, Cyclin A, c-Myc, S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), p-AKT, PI3K, increased the protein expression of p27, and also reduced the fluorescent expression of Cyclin E in Hep3B and Huh7 cells. Furthermore, Pyrogallol disturbed the interaction between Skp2, p27, and c-Myc in Huh7 cells. Notably, Pyrogallol upregulated miRNA levels of miR-134, and conversely, miR-134 inhibition rescued the decreased expression levels of c-Myc, Cyclin E, and Cyclin D1 and increased the expression of p27 by Pyrogallol in Huh7 cells. Taken together, our findings provide insight that Pyrogallol exerts antitumor effects in HCCs via miR-134 activation-mediated S-phase arrest and inhibition of PI3K/AKT/Skp2/cMyc signaling as a potent anticancer candidate.

Activated mesoporous carbon nanofibers fabricated using water etching-assisted templating for high-performance electrochemical capacitors.

Activated mesoporous carbon nanofibers (AMCNFs) are synthesized by a sequential process of electrospinning, water etching-assisted templating, and acid treatment. Their morphologies, crystal structures, melting behavior, chemical bonding states, surface properties, and electrochemical performance are investigated for three different polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) weight ratios - PAN : PVP = 8 : 2, 7 : 3, and 6 : 4. Compared to other samples, the AMCNFs with an optimum weight ratio of 6 : 4 show the highest specific surface area of 692 m(2) g(-1), a high volume percentage of mesopores of 43.9%, and an increased amount of carboxyl groups (10.5%). This results in a high specific capacitance of 207 F g(-1), a high-rate capability with a capacitance retention of 93%, a high energy density of 24.8-23.1 W h kg(-1), and an excellent cycling durability of up to 3000 cycles. The electrochemical performance improvement can be explained by the combined effect of the high surface area relative to the increased electrical double-layers, the high volume fraction of mesopores relative to shorter diffusion routes and low resistance pathways for ions, and the increased amount of carboxyl groups on the CNF surface relative to enhanced wettability.

Ruthenium and ruthenium oxide nanofiber supports for enhanced activity of platinum electrocatalysts in the methanol oxidation reaction.

Novel supports for the dispersion of Pt electrocatalysts in fuel cells are constantly being developed in order to improve the electrochemical performance and reduce the cost. The electrocatalytic activity and stability in fuel cells largely depend on the surface morphology and structure of the support. In this study, Ru and RuO2 nanofibers prepared by electrospinning and post-calcination have been considered as Pt-catalyst supports. The composite material loaded with 20 wt% Pt catalyst exhibited a high anodic current density of 641.7 mA mgPt(-1), a high IF/IB ratio of 1.9, and excellent electrocatalytic stability compared to commercial Pt/C. The improved anodic current density of the composite is attributed to the high dispersion of the Pt catalyst over the large surface area of the nanosized support grains, while its low onset potential, high IF/IB ratio, and excellent electrocatalytic stability are ascribed to a bifunctional effect resulting from the existence of Ru atoms on the support surface. Finally, the efficient electron transfer and a rapid diffusion rate of the electrolyte are due to the unique network structure of the supports. Thus, the Ru and RuO2 nanofiber composites act as promising Pt-catalyst supports for the methanol oxidation reaction.

A Titanium-Doped SiOx Passivation Layer for Greatly Enhanced Performance of a Hematite-Based Photoelectrochemical System.

This study introduces an in situ fabrication of nanoporous hematite with a Ti-doped SiOx passivation layer for a high-performance water-splitting system. The nanoporous hematite with a Ti-doped SiOx layer (Ti-(SiOx /np-Fe2 O3 )) has a photocurrent density of 2.44 mA cm(-2) at 1.23 VRHE and 3.70 mA cm(-2) at 1.50 VRHE . When a cobalt phosphate co-catalyst was applied to Ti-(SiOx /np-Fe2 O3 ), the photocurrent density reached 3.19 mA cm(-2) at 1.23 VRHE with stability, which shows great potential of the use of the Ti-doped SiOx layer with a synergistic effect of decreased charge recombination, the increased number of active sites, and the reduced hole-diffusion pathway from the hematite to the electrolyte.

Surface modification and characterization of electrosprayed Sn-doped In2O3 thin films.

We synthesized Sn-doped In2O3 (Indium tin oxide, ITO) thin films using electrospray and spin-coating. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Hall-effect measurement, and UV-vis spectrophotometry measurements were performed to investigate the morphological, structural, chemical, electrical, and optical properties of the electrosprayed ITO films with a sol-layer coating for surface modification. To obtain the optimum performance of the resultant ITO thin films after surface modification, we heat-treated them at four different temperatures of 450 degrees C (sample A), 550 degrees C (sample B), 650 degrees C (sample C), and 750 degrees C (sample D) using microwave heating. Surface modified ITO thin films calcined at 550 degrees C (sample B) using electrospray and spin-coating are observed to have superior resistivity (9.9 x 10(-3) 2 Ω x cm) and optical transmittance (-92.08%) owing to the improved densification of the ITO surface by spin-coating and the formation of uniform ITO thin films by electrospraying.

Dietary patterns and weight status associated with behavioural problems in young children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of behavioural problems with dietary patterns and weight status in young children. DESIGN: We assessed poor social skills and behavioural problems with a seventy-six-item Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale (PKBS) and found three dietary patterns ('Korean healthy', 'animal foods' and 'sweets') in food/food group intake data assessed by an FFQ and analysed using factor analysis. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association of diet and weight status with behaviour. SETTING: Pre-schools in the metropolitan areas of Korea. SUBJECTS: A total of 1458 children (mean age 5·2 (sd 0·9) years) from the Practical Approach for Better Maternal and Child Nutrition and Health Study conducted from 2001 to 2005. RESULTS: The 'Korean healthy' pattern showed a significant inverse association with poor social skills in the second highest quartile group (OR = 0·42; 95 % CI 0·21, 0·82) compared with the lowest quartile group for boys. For girls, the 'sweets' pattern was associated with a greater risk of poor social skills (OR = 3·41; 95 % CI 1·29, 9·01 at Q4 v. Q1) and problem behaviours (OR = 2·80; 95 % CI 1·05, 7·43 at Q4 v. Q1). Regarding weight status, both underweight and overweight boys had a higher risk of poor social skills than normal-weight boys. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary patterns and weight status are important indicators for the behaviour of young children. Healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns, underweight and overweight status, and gender differences should thus be considered for further studies.

Correction to "Band Gap and Morphology Engineering of Hematite Nanoflakes from an Ex Situ Sn Doping for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04028.].

Hierarchical metal/semiconductor nanostructure for efficient water splitting.

A hierarchically patterned metal/semiconductor (gold nanoparticles/ZnO nanowires) nanostructure with maximized photon trapping effects is fabricated via interference lithography (IL) for plasmon enhanced photo-electrochemical water splitting in the visible region of light. Compared with unpatterned (plain) gold nanoparticles-coated ZnO NWs (Au NPs/ZnO NWs), the hierarchically patterned Au NPs/ZnO NWs hybrid structures demonstrate higher and wider absorption bands of light leading to increased surface enhanced Raman scattering due to the light trapping effects achieved by the combination of two different nanostructure dimensions; furthermore, pronounced plasmonic enhancement of water splitting is verified in the hierarchically patterned Au NPs/ZnO NWs structures in the visible region. The excellent performance of the hierarchically patterned Au NPs/ZnO NWs indicates that the combination of pre-determined two different dimensions has great potential for application in solar energy conversion, light emitting diodes, as well as SERS substrates and photoelectrodes for water splitting.

Synthesis and characterisation of polygonal indium tin oxide nanocrystals.

Polygon ITO (Sn-doped In2O3) nanocrystals were synthesised via electrospinning, and their morphology, structural properties, and chemical composition were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To determine the optimum conditions for the fabrication of polygon ITO nanocrystals, calcination temperature after the electrospinning process was controlled at 500 degrees C, 600 degrees C, 700 degrees C, and 800 degrees C, and the amount of PVP polymer was controlled at 4 wt%, 7 wt%, and 10 wt%. For comparison purposes, single In2O3 nanocrystals were also synthesised via electrospinning and calcination. The results show that ITO nanocrystals fabricated at a calcination temperature of 800 degrees C and with 10 wt% of PVP polymer exhibit clear polygon structure with single-crystallinity, which may be explained in terms of the effect of Sn doping in the In2O3 matrix and the oriented aggregation and Oswald ripening growth during the fusion process of ITO nanocrystals.

MOF-Derived Co Nanoparticles Catalyst Assisted by F- and N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for Oxygen Reduction.

The oxygen reduction reaction is crucial in the cathode of fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Consequently, designing robust and durable ORR catalysts is vital to developing metal-air batteries and fuel cells. Metal-organic frameworks feature an adjustable structure, a periodic porosity, and a large specific surface area, endowing their derivative materials with a unique structure. In this study, F and N co-doped on the carbon support surface (Co/FN-C) via the pyrolysis of ZIF-67 as a sacrificial template while using Co/FN-C as the non-noble metal catalysts. The Co/FN-C displays excellent long-term durability and electrochemical catalytic performance in acidic solutions. These performance improvements are achieved because the CQDs alleviate the structural collapse during the pyrolysis of ZIF-67, which increases the active sites in the Co nanoparticles. Moreover, F- and N-doping improves the catalytic activity of the carbon support by providing additional electrons and active sites. Furthermore, F anions are redox-stable ligands that exhibit long-term operational stability. Therefore, the well-dispersed Co NPs on the surface of the Co/FN-C are promising as the non-noble metal catalysts for ORR.

Effect of collagen endometrial patch loaded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on endometrial regeneration in rats with a thin endometrium.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a collagen endometrial patch (EM patch) loaded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) on endometrial regeneration in a rat model with thin endometrium. Materials and methods: Thin endometrium was induced in female rats and divided into treatment groups as outlined: control, group 1(G1), local injection of ADSCs into the uterus, group 2 (G2), an EM patch without ADSCs, group 3 (G3), and an EM patch loaded with ADSCs, group 4 (G4). The rats were euthanized at either two weeks or four weeks after modeling and treatment followed by histological and biochemical analyses to examine the regenerative effects on the injured endometrium. Results: Transplantation of the ADSC-loaded EM patch significantly promoted endometrial proliferation and increased the luminal epithelial area. Two weeks after treatment, the mean number of von Villebrand factor (vWF)+ or cluster of differentiation (CD) 31+-stained blood vessels was significantly higher in G4 than in G1 and G2. The mRNA and protein expression levels of TGF-ß and FGF2 were significantly upregulated in G4 compared to those in the control. G4 exhibited significantly increased LIF mRNA levels and immunoreactivity compared with the other groups at both two weeks and four weeks after treatment. Cell tracking after ADSCs treatment revealed the presence of a substantial number of ADSCs grafted in the uterine tissues of G4, whereas a low number of ADSCs that were focally clustered were present in G2. Conclusion: Transplantation of EM patches loaded with ADSCs resulted in the histological and biochemical restoration of an injured endometrium. The strategic integration of EM patches and ADSCs holds significant promise as an innovative therapeutic approach for effectively treating impaired endometrial conditions.

Parabens inhibit the early phase of folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis in the ovaries of neonatal rats.

Parabens are widely used as anti-microbial agents in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, parabens have been shown to act as xenoestrogens, a class of endocrine disruptors. In the present study, 55 female pups were given daily subcutaneous injections of methyl-, propyl-, and butyl-paraben or 17beta-estradiol (E2) during neonatal Day 1-7. The ovaries were excised on postnatal Day 8, then fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological analysis. The follicles were counted and classified as being in the primordial, early primary, or primary stages. The number of primordial follicles increased while early primary follicles decreased at the high doses of propyl- and butyl-paraben. The levels of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and Foxl2 mRNA increased by propyl- and butyl-parabens whereas kit ligand/stem cell factor (KITL) expression was up regulated only by butyl-paraben. The mRNA levels of StAR and Cyp11a1 were significantly decreased after treatment with methyl-, propyl-, and butyl-parabens. Consistent with its use as a positive control, E2 regulated the expression of KITL, StAR, and Cyp11a1 genes, but surprisingly did not affect AMH and Foxl2 levels. Thus, E2 and parabens had different effects on the regulation of folliculogenic and steroidogenic genes, demonstrating the estrogenic and nonestrogenic properties of parabens in the ovary. Taken together, our data show that parabens stimulated AMH mRNA expression and consequently inhibited the early phase of folliculogenesis in the ovaries of neonatal female rat. The levels of steroidogenic enzymes, indicators of follicle differentiation, appeared to be regulated by parabens through inhibition of their transcriptional repressor, Foxl2.

Three-dimensional nano-foam of few-layer graphene grown by CVD for DSSC.

We report a robust and direct route to fabricate a three-dimensional nano-foam of few-layer graphene (3D-NFG) with large area coverage via a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. Pyrolysis of polymer/nickel precursor film under a hydrogen environment, simply prepared by spin-coating, leads to the creation of nano-foam in the film and the reduction process of nickel ions. Carbonized-C and the nickel nano-frame formed from the pyrolysis are used as a solid carbon source and as a catalyst for the growth of graphene under CVD conditions, respectively. We investigate the use of 3D-NFG, with the advantage of large surface area and high conductivity, as an alternative to the Pt counter electrode material in dye sensitized solar cells. The excellent properties of 3D-NFG, fabricated in this simple and direct manner, suggest a great potential for interconnected graphene networks in electronic devices and photocatalytic sensors as well as in energy-related materials.

Fabrication and photovoltaic properties of heterostructured TiO2 nanowires.

One-dimensional heterostructured TiO2 nanowires were successfully fabricated by an electrospinning technique and modified by hydrolysis. We investigated their structure, morphology, chemical composition, and optical properties by using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-vis spectroscopy. In the case of the photovoltaic performance, the short-circuit current density and cell efficiency of the DSSCs employing single TiO2 nanowires and heterostructured TiO2 nanowires improve from 6.90 to 11.38 mA/cm2 and from 2.56 to 4.29%, respectively. The results show that the photoconversion efficiency of the heterostructured TiO2 nanowires could be improved by more than approximately 67% compared to that of the single TiO2 nanowires because of the enhanced specific surface area that facilitates dye adsorption.

Advances in prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal infections: perspectives on hematologic diseases.

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are common causes of mortality and morbidity in patients with hematologic diseases. Delayed initiation of antifungal treatment is related to mortality. Aspergillus sp. is the leading cause of IFI followed by Candida sp. Diagnosis is often challenging owing to variable conditions related to underlying diseases. Clinical suspect and prompt management is important. Imaging, biopsy, and non-culture-based tests must be considered together. New diagnostic procedures have been improved, including antigen-based assays and molecular detection of fungal DNA. Among hematologic diseases, patients with acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are at high risk for IFIs. Antifungal prophylaxis is recommended for these high-risk patients. There are continuous attempts to achieve ideal management of IFIs. Scoring system for quality control has been developed with important recommendations of current guidelines. Higher adherence to guidelines is related to decreased mortality in IFIs.