Epiphora: an evidence based approach to the 12 minute consultation.

BACKGROUND: Epiphora is the presence of a watering eye which may be due to reflex tearing or defective drainage of tears. Whilst most cases present to the ophthalmologist the otolaryngologist has a key role to play in both assessment and management of these patients. METHODS: This review was based on a literature search last performed on 21st October 2009. MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were searched using the subject headings 'epiphora' or 'functional epiphora' in combination with diagnosis, investigation, management, treatment, intervention and surgery. Results were limited to English language articles. The personal biographies of the senior authors were also used. CONCLUSION: An accurate assessment of the site and degree of obstruction is important to ensure the correct management is undertaken. Medical treatment with nasal steroid spray may be effective but the majority of obstructed cases will require surgical intervention in the form of dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). There is increasing evidence that powered endoscopic DCR has outcomes comparable with the 'gold standard' procedure of external DCR.

Trial of remote continuous versus intermittent NEWS monitoring after major surgery (TRaCINg): a feasibility randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Despite medical advances, major surgery remains high risk with up to 44% of patients experiencing postoperative complications. Early recognition of postoperative complications is crucial in reducing morbidity and preventing long-term disability. The current standard of care is intermittent manual vital signs monitoring, but new wearable remote monitors offer the benefits of continuous vital signs monitoring without limiting the patient's mobility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and clinical outcomes of continuous remote monitoring after major surgery. METHODS: The study was a randomised, controlled, unblinded, parallel group, feasibility trial. Adult patients undergoing elective major surgery were randomly assigned to receive continuous remote monitoring and normal National Early Warning Score (NEWS) monitoring (intervention group) or normal NEWS monitoring alone (control group). Continuous remote monitoring was achieved using the SensiumVitals® wireless patch which is worn on the patient's chest and monitors heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature continuously, and alerts the nurse when there is deviation from pre-set physiological norms. Feasibility was assessed by evaluating recruitment rate, adherence to protocol and randomisation and the amount of missing data. Clinical outcomes included time to antibiotics in cases of sepsis, length of hospital stay, number of critical care admissions and rate of hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-six patients were randomised between October 2018 and April 2019: 67 to the control group and 69 to the intervention group. Recruitment was completed prior to the 12 month target with a high rate of eligibility and consent. Missing data was limited only to questionnaire responses; no participants were lost to follow-up and only one participant was withdrawn due to loss of capacity. The number of patients classed as 'drop-out' due to design (8.1%) were less than anticipated, and there were no participants who crossed over into the alternative trial allocation group. Seventeen participants in the intervention group (28%) did not adhere to the monitoring protocol. No formal comparisons between arms was undertaken; however, participants had fewer unplanned critical care admissions (1 versus 5) and had a shorter average length of hospital stay (11.6 days (95% confidence interval 9.5-13.7 days) versus 16.2 days (95% confidence interval 11.3-21.2 days)) in the continuous vital signs monitoring group. The time taken to receive antibiotics in cases of sepsis was similar in both arms. A cost-utility analysis indicated that the remote monitoring system was cost-saving when compared to standard NEWS monitoring alone. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to perform a large-scale randomised controlled trial of continuous remote monitoring after major surgery. Progression to a definitive multicentre randomised controlled trial would be appropriate, taking consideration of factors, such as patient adherence, that might mask the potential benefit of additional monitoring. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN registry with study ID ISRCTN16601772 . Registered 30 August 2017.

A novel use of amniotic membrane in the management of tube exposure following glaucoma tube shunt surgery.

AIM: To report a novel technique using amniotic membrane to cover exposed glaucoma tube shunts. METHODS: A consecutive series of three cases that underwent drainage tube shunt surgery with the Ahmed valve for intractable glaucoma. All three patients developed exposure of the tube secondary to necrosis of the overlying bovine pericardial patch and conjunctiva. Repair of the defect was carried out with a double layer of amniotic membrane, the inner one acting as a graft and the outer as a patch. Autologous serum was used to promote epithelial growth. RESULTS: Successful lasting closure of the conjunctival defect was achieved in all cases. CONCLUSION: Erosion of the drainage tube following shunt surgery is a potentially serious problem. It can be successfully managed using a double layer of amniotic membrane.

Modulation of bronchoconstrictor responses to histamine in pithed guinea-pigs by sympathetic nerve stimulation.

1 Electrical stimulation (40V, 0.5-8 Hz, pulse width 0.5 ms) of the thoracic spinal outflow for between 10 and 120 s inhibited histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in pithed guinea-pigs. 2 The degree of this bronchodilatation varied with the position of the stimulating electrode within the spinal canal. Two maxima were identified. The first, at the level of the 9th and 10th thoracic vertebrae, was abolished by adrenalectomy. The second, at the level of the 3rd and 4th thoracic vertebrae, was associated with tachycardia and was unchanged by adrenalectomy. 3 The magnitude of this second bronchodilator effect varied with the frequency of stimulation. It was abolished by pretreatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg i.p. 48 and 24 h beforehand) and was competitively blocked by propranolol (0.01-1.0 mg/kg). 4 These observations are consistent with the view that bronchodilator tone is derived from neuronally-released noradrenaline within the lung. The noradrenaline probably overflows from well-innervated vasculature adjacent to sparsely innervated airways.

Cost-efficiency of endoscopic and external dacryocystorhinostomy.

BACKGROUND: In most centres in the United Kingdom, endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is currently undertaken as a joint operation between ophthalmologists and otolaryngologists. The addition of an extra surgeon, the use of endoscopic equipment and the relatively lower success rate of this procedure made us compare endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and external dacryocystorhinostomy with regards to costs and income for our hospital. METHODS: All 38 primary endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy cases performed in our centre in 2001-2003 were retrospectively compared with the 49 external dacryocystorhinostomy cases performed in 1993-2000. Cost-income calculations were made based on: rate of local anaesthesia, success rate, rate of day case admission, hospital reference cost for dacryocystorhinostomy, and the income per case extracted from national tariffs (based on the Health Resources Group). Also, the average number of cases per session was used to calculate the income gained per session for each method. RESULTS: The following rates between the endoscopic and the external dacryocystorhinostomy were found: local anaesthesia, 29 vs 6 per cent, respectively; day-case operation, 95 vs 12 per cent, respectively; and success rate, 87 vs 94 per cent, respectively. The average number of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy cases conducted in a single theatre session was twice that of external dacryocystorhinostomy cases. Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy generated approximately twice the income of external dacryocystorhinostomy (6585 pounds vs 3292 pounds, respectively). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is more cost-effective than external dacryocystorhinostomy, despite having a lower success rate and greater usage of resources, as the endoscopic procedure generates more income. This is mainly due to the higher number of cases per session and the higher rates of local anaesthesia and day case operations possible.

Eyetrack (ET) vs the conventional paper record (CPR): a study comparing the accuracy and speed of data retrieval from glaucoma patient records.

PURPOSE: To compare patient data retrieval between electronic patient record systems (Eyetrack) and conventional paper records (CPRs). METHODS: A total of 20 long term glaucoma patient records held on Eyetrack were randomised into two collections with 10 CPRs and 10 Eyetrack records in each collection. The Eyetrack records of one collection were the CPRs of the other collection and vice versa. Four doctors, as two groups, were assessed on a separate collection of records. The time taken to answer 10 questions and the accuracy were assessed. Comparison was made of the answers between the two formats. A month later each group was assessed on the 10 CPRs of the other collection. An expert Eyetrack user was assessed on only the 20 Eyetrack notes. Comparison was made between the 20 CPRs the doctors were assessed on and the 20 eyetrack records. RESULTS: In the first comparison, the mean time for all the doctors to answer the questions on a CPR was 324.4(+/-106.0) s compared to 104.8(+/-34.0) s for Eyetrack(Mann-Whitney, P<0.01). Mean accuracy for a CPR was 84.0%(+/-13.0%) compared to 98.0%(+/-4.0%) for Eyetrack(Mann-Whitney, P<0.01). Comparing the expert Eyetrack user with the CPR showed a mean time for Eyetrack of 96.6(+/-34.8) s compared with 283.7(+/-63.9) s for CPR(Mann-Whitney, P<0.0001). Mean accuracy for Eyetrack was 97.5%(+/-7.2%) compared to 82.0%(+/-8.7%) for CPRs(Mann-Whitney, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: An improvement of 3 min 40 s per record was observed with Eyetrack. Accuracy was also improved. Similar results were also found comparing an expert Eyetrack user with CPRs.

Phytochelatins are involved in differential arsenate tolerance in Holcus lanatus.

Arsenate tolerance is conferred by suppression of the high-affinity phosphate/arsenate uptake system, which greatly reduces arsenate influx in a number of higher plant species. Despite this suppressed uptake, arsenate-tolerant plants can still accumulate high levels of As over their lifetime, suggesting that constitutive detoxification mechanisms may be required. Phytochelatins are thiol-rich peptides, whose production is induced by a range of metals and metalloids including arsenate. This study provides evidence for the role of phytochelatins in the detoxification of arsenate in arsenate-tolerant Holcus lanatus. Elevated levels of phytochelatin were measured in plants with a range of tolerance to arsenate at equivalent levels of arsenate stress, measured as inhibition of root growth. The results suggest that arsenate tolerance in H. lanatus requires both adaptive suppression of the high-affinity phosphate uptake system and constitutive phytochelatin production.

Assessing soil biodiversity across Great Britain: national trends in the occurrence of heterotrophic bacteria and invertebrates in soil.

An assessment of the biodiversity of soils was a component of the Countryside Survey 2000 (CS2000). This was the first integrated survey of soil biota and chemical properties at a national scale. A total of 1052 soil samples were collected across Great Britain during CS2000 and analysed for a range of soil microbial and invertebrate characteristics resulting in the production of a series of robust datasets. A principal objective was to use these datasets to investigate relationships between soil biota and environmental factors such as geographical location, vegetation, land use, land cover, soil type and pollutant levels as first stages in characterising the inherent biodiversity of British soils and investigating the potential of soil biodiversity as indicators of soil health at a regional or national scale. Preliminary results for culturable heterotrophic, invertebrate taxa, Acari, Collembola and Oribatid mites are presented here to illustrate the nature of the data collected and the patterns of soil biodiversity in relation to large-scale regional, vegetation and soil characteristics across the British countryside.