Dietary assessment of type 2 diabetic patients using healthful plant-based diet score in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by a wide range of metabolic problems. The current study sought to assess nutritional habits of Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to propose recommendations to improve these patients' dietary habits and delay possible disease complications. METHODS: Over a period of three years, (2017-2019) 577 patients with T2D attending the outpatient's diabetic clinics at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia were invited to participate in this study. Data of dietary intake were collected by trained nurses using a pretested structured validated semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The dietary data were collected using 7-day dietary recall questionnaire. A modified score system that associates dietary habits with glycemic control and lipid profile was used. RESULTS: Overall, a high healthful plant-based diet score was associated with a significant (P = 0.018) reduction in triglycerides (TG) level (mean difference - 3.78%; 95% CI, -0.65% to -6.81%) and a statistically non-significant (P = 0.06) increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (mean difference 1.87%; 95% CI -0.06-3.84%) in T2D patients from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Additionally, in our patient group, the prevalence of coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and chronic kidney disease in T2D patients was 11.3%, 6.2%, 3.3%, and 8.4%, respectively and were higher when compared to the prevalence in the general population. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that adherence to a healthful plant-based diet, when compared to high glycemic index diet, is associated with a favorable outcome in glycemic control and lipid profile in T2D patients. Prior assessment of total diet quality may be beneficial when giving nutritional advice to T2D patients with the possibility of improving glycemic control and lipid profile.

The Impact of Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Virus on the Outcome of COVID-19 Disease.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly spreading infection that is on the rise. New variants are continuously appearing with variable degrees of lethality and infectivity. The extensive work since the start of the pandemic has led to the evolution of COVID-19 vaccines with varying mechanisms. We aim to determine real-world data by looking at the different clinical outcomes associated with COVID-19 vaccination, focusing on the rate of hospitalization, severity, and mortality. Methodology: A retrospective observational study included 624 patients with COVID-19 infection who were hospitalized at King Fahad Hospital of the University and King Fahad Military Medical City between April and July 2021. The cohort was divided into 3 groups: unvaccinated, partially vaccinated (PV), and fully vaccinated (FV). The severity and outcome of COVID-19 disease were compared among the three groups. Among the vaccinated group, we studied the effect of vaccine type on the severity and outcome of COVID-19 disease. Results: We found that 70.4% of patients with COVID-19 disease who required hospitalization were unvaccinated. Un-vaccination was a significant predictor of critical COVID-19 disease (OR 2.31; P <0.001), whereas full vaccination was associated with significantly milder disease severity (OR 0.36; P 0.01). Moreover, un-vaccination status was an independent predictor of longer hospitalization (OR 3.0; P <0.001), a higher requirement for ICU admission (OR 4.7; P <0.001), mechanical ventilation (OR 3.6; P <0.001), and death (OR 4.8; P <0.001), whereas the FV group had a lower risk of ICU admission (OR 0.49; P 0.045). Unvaccinated patients with comorbidities had worse severity and outcome of COVID-19 infection (P<0.05). Both vaccine types (Pfizer and AstraZeneca) had similar protective effects against the worst outcomes of COVID-19 disease. Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination has been shown to be effective in reducing hospitalization, the severity of COVID-19 infection, and improving outcomes, especially in high-risk group patients. COVID-19 vaccination programs should continue to improve the outcome of such a disease.

Beneficial effects of adding magnesium to desalinated drinking water on metabolic and insulin resistance parameters among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

There is evidence that increasing the consumption of water containing magnesium can improve glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This trial was undertaken with the objective of evaluating the effect of adding different concentrations of magnesium chloride to the desalinated drinking water on the glycemic, metabolic, and insulin resistance parameters among patients with T2DM. A randomized cross-sectional controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding magnesium chloride supplement to desalinated drinking water consumed by patients with T2DM on the glycemic and metabolic parameters and indicators of insulin sensitivity. The total number of patients with T2DM who successfully completed the trial is 102. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups: the first group received bottled water without added magnesium (0 mg/L) (Group A, n = 37); the second group received bottled water with a low level of magnesium (20 mg/L) (Group B, n = 33); and the third group received drinking water with a high level of magnesium (50 mg/L) (Group C, n = 32). The daily consumption of elemental magnesium for a period of 3 months resulted in significant improvement in HbA1C (8.0 vs 8.2%, p = 0.04), insulin level (7.5 vs 9.9 µIU/mL, p = 0.03), and homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA.IR) (2.5 vs 2.9, p = 0.002) in group C. However, there was no significant improvement in fasting blood glucose (FBS) level or lipid profile. The results of this study suggest that oral magnesium supplementation at the given dose of 50 mg/L daily added to drinking water could improve long-term glycemic control indicators and reduce insulin resistance in patients with T2DM.

Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis in 2 sisters.

Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC) is a rare autosomal recessive tubular disorder characterized by excessive renal magnesium and calcium wasting, eventually, progressing to renal failure. It has been recently attributed to a mutation in the Claudin 16 (CLDN 16) gene of the Paracellin-1 (PCLN-1) tight junction protein. Herein, we report 2 sisters with FHHNC. Both sisters presented at an early stage with hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia. The first patient was initially mislabeled and treated as a case of hypoparathyroidism, while the second patient was diagnosed retrospectively after the diagnosis of her sister. The 2 patients developed end stage renal disease.

25-Hydoxyvitamin D levels among healthy Saudi Arabian women.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the serum level of 25 hydroxyvitamin D 25OHD among healthy Saudi Arabian women living in the eastern province. METHODS: A cross-sectional randomized study was conducted between February 1st 2008 and May 31st 2008 at the King Fahd University Hospital, Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 200 Saudi women between 25-35 years group 1 and women of > or =50 years group 2. Clinical examination, laboratory tests, a complete blood picture, serum calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase, parathormone, and the serum levels of 25OHD levels were carried out. Data on lifestyle, dietary, and demographic questionnaires were collected. Vitamin D was defined as deficient with serum level <50 nmol/L, insufficient between 52-72 nmol/L, and normal as 75nmol/L. RESULTS: In group 1, 70% of women had normal 25OHD, and in women of group 2, 45% had normal levels of 25OHD. Alkaline phosphatase and parathormone levels were significantly higher in women with low vitamin D levels. Sun exposure and consumption of dairy products were minimal. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency among healthy young Saudi women of 25-35 years was 30% and 55% in women of > or =50 years. This study indicates that hypovitaminosis D is common in young and postmenopausal women. Efforts are require to augment and encouraged women for adequate exposure to sunlight and increased intake of fortified vitamin D products to maintain skeletal health.

Influence of androgens on bone mass in young women with sickle cell anemia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between the gender hormonal levels and bone mineral density in premenopausal women suffering with sickle cell disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional study including consecutive female adult patients with sickle cell anemia attending the outpatient hematology/orthopaedic clinics, or admitted to King Fahd University Hospital, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, between August 2006 and June 2007. Patient's age was documented, and body mass index was calculated. Blood was drawn for complete blood picture, biochemistry, and hormonal profile including total estradiol E2 and total testosterone Te. Bone mineral density BMD was measured for all patients using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan at the hip and lumbar spine. RESULTS: We analyzed the data of 51 patients with an average age of 26+/-3.1 years. Patients were divided into 2 groups group A and group B. Group A had normal BMD and group B with low BMD. Thirty-one (60.8%) were in group A and 20 (39.2%) were in group B. The E2 level was not statistically different between the 2 groups, while Te level was significantly lower in women with low BMD 38+/-11.8 versus 22.3+/-11.7 ng/dl, p<0.001. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that in premenopausal female patients with sickle cell anemia, testosterone may play a role in the preservation of bone mass.

Tuberculosis-associated Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report.

Various hematological manifestations are known to occur with tuberculosis (TB), but its association with immune thrombocytopenia is uncommon and not well recognized. Here, the case of a 39-year-old male who presented with a history of epistaxis and hematuria is described. The patient was found to have diffuse lymphadenopathy both clinically and radiologically. He was diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenia; however, there was a delay in the diagnosis of TB because of the patient's refusal of lymph node biopsy and late recognition of the association between TB and immune thrombocytopenia. Treatment with steroids without antituberculosis medications may have led to reactivation and dissemination of tuberculous infection in this patient. Later, the patient was readmitted with a suspected community-acquired pneumonia and the sputum smear was positive for acid-fast bacilli. Unfortunately, the patient died after he developed sepsis and multiorgan failure. The purpose of this case report is to highlight this rare combination and create awareness among clinicians to consider TB as an underlying etiology of immune thrombocytopenia, especially if there are other associated physical findings such as the presence of lymphadenopathy.

Health education to diabetic patients before the start of Ramadan: Experience from a teaching hospital in Dammam.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown that pre-Ramadan structured educational program for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is beneficial. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the degree of adherence of treating physicians to such programs and their influence on the patient's knowledge and behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out on adult patients with DM attending a university hospital, who were observed while fasting during Ramadan 1436/2015. Data was collected using a questionnaire-based interview. Baseline characteristics were obtained, and patients were asked whether they had had pre-Ramadan education or not and who the provider was. Patients' knowledge of the components of the recommended structured pre-Ramadan educational program was also tested. Comparison between patients who had the education and those who did not was done using Chi-square test and independent samples Student's t-test; p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 298 patients with type 1 or type 2 DM were included in the study; 75.5% of the patients were aged 40 years or older. Only 30% had pre-Ramadan education delivered mainly by diabetic educators or the treating physicians (52% and 44%, respectively). Patients who had the education were younger (mean age: 45.6 ± 17.4 vs. 50.3 ± 14.4, respectively, p = 0.0048), had higher educational qualifications, were more likely to be employed, and self-monitored their blood glucose more frequently (p = 0.0001). There was no difference between the two groups with regard to their knowledge of diet and exercise. CONCLUSION: The adherence to the pre-Ramadan educational program by the treating physician was low. It is necessary to increase the awareness about the importance of these programs among health-care professionals. The programs should target the less educated, the unemployed, and older patients.

Diabetes mellitus and male osteoporosis. Is there a relationship?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between male osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: We screened 154 male Saudi Arabian patients over the age of 50 years for osteoporosis between May and December 2005, at the Endocrine and Orthopedic Clinics of King Fahd University Hospital, Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Patients body mass index was calculated. Fasting blood glucose was measured in all patients. All patients with type 2 DM hemoglobin A1c levels were measured at follow up. All had bone mineral density (BMD) measurement of hip area and the lumbar spine using the dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, and osteoporosis and osteopenia was assessed on the basis of the World Health Organization guidelines. The data was entered in the database and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software with statistical significance of <0.05 and a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: There were 57 patients in group A (type 2 DM) with an average age of 59.76 years, 34 in group B (impaired fasting glucose) with an average age of 60.90 years and 63 in group C (normal glucose level), with an average age of 62.53 years. Bone mineral density analysis revealed 10 patients (17.5%) in group A, 7 (20%) in group B and 12 (19%) in group C were normal. Analysis did not show any statistical significance among the 3 groups with regard to BMD, T-Score and Z-Score. CONCLUSION: The study indicates that the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis is common among the Saudi Arabian males. The presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in these patients did not influence or increase the incidence of osteopenia or osteoporosis.

Genetic influence on circulating vitamin D among Saudi Arabians.

OBJECTIVES:  To examine the effect of most common studied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels in Saudi Arabian population.  METHOD: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out between July 2014 and October 2015, at King Fahd Hospital of the University (KFHU), Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. After informed consent, blood samples from 283 subjects living in the Eastern province were collected for 25-OHD measurement and genetic analysis of SNPs in vitamin D receptor (VDR) [rs2228570 and rs1544410], Cytochrome, P450 family 2 (CYP2R1) [rs10741657 and rs1993116], and Group-specific components (GC) [rs2282679 and rs4588].  RESULTS: Vitamin D deficiency was found in 87.6% and insufficiency in 7.7%. The percentages of the different alleles of the 6 SNPs tested ranged between 0-62.5%. There was significant difference between the AA, AG, and GG alleles of VDR rs2228570. The carries of GG allele was associated with increased risks of vitamin D insufficiency (p less than 0.002) and deficiency (p less than or equal to 0.005). The CYP2R1 rs10741657 gene showed that AG and GG allele carriers had significant risk of vitamin D deficiency. AG allele (normal versus Insufficiency p less than 0.02 and normal versus deficiency p less than 0.08) and GG allele normal versus deficiency (p less than 0.002) and insufficiency versus deficiency (p less than 0.001). For group-specific components (GC rs4588), there was only significant difference between the normal and deficiency for the AC allele (p less than 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The presence of GG allele of the SNP rs2228570 of VDR gene, SNPs rs4588 of GC gene and CYP2R1 rs10741657 gene was associated with vitamin D deficiency.

Endocrinopathies in patients with thalassemias.

Thalassemia major is a hereditary disorder of hemoglobin synthesis resulting in severe anemia. Treatment consists of multiple blood transfusions, a complication of which is iron overload. Excessive iron is then deposited in almost all tissues but primarily in the liver, heart and the endocrine glands. Lately, desferrioxamine has been used as a chelating agent in an attempt to prevent the complications of tissue damage by iron deposition. Early introduction of the chelating agent to combat iron overload in vulnerable organs leads to improved life expectancy. However, these patients often present with multiple endocrine dysfunction such as growth failure, hypogonadism, abnormalities in glucose metabolism, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism and less frequently hypoadrenalism. We briefly review the current status of endocrine gland abnormalities in patients with thalassemia major.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and low bone mass: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Low bone mass (osteopenia and osteoporosis) is one of the effects associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is very little data from Saudi Arabia on COPD and low bone mass. This retrospective study was done to assess the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in COPD patients attending King Fahd Hospital of the University (KFHU), Alkhobar. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After obtaining the ethical approval from the research committee, all patients seen between at the King Fahd Hospital of the University between January 2010 and December 2012 were included. The inclusion criteria included a follow up of a minimum 2 years, and the Medical Records should have the details of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), blood bone profile and bone biomarkers and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. Patients were labeled as osteopenia if the T score was -<1 to <-2.5 and osteoporosis of <-2.5 as per the WHO definition of osteopenia and osteoporosis. RESULTS: Seventy-three patients were being followed in the clinics and 49 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. The average age was 60.6 ± 10.47 years; males were 43 and females 6. Three (6.1%) were normal and the remaining 46 (93.9%) were with low bone mass. Thirty-two (65.3%) were osteoporotic and 14 (28.57%) were osteopenic. The average duration of COPD was 4.5 ± 6.2 years. Majority (n = 36, 73.4%) of patients were in the Global Initiative for COPD (GOLD) class II and III. FEV1 was significantly lower in the patients with low bone mass 1.66 ± 0.60 versus 3.61 ± 0.58 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that over 90% of Saudi Arabian patients with COPD suffer from osteopenia and osteoporosis and unfortunately they remain under-diagnosed and undertreated.

Assessment of low vitamin D among Saudi Arabians. Did we overshoot the runway?

OBJECTIVES: To compare the performance of 3 commonly used 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) assays among a sample of the Saudi population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2011 and December 2012 at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. After informed consent, blood samples for measurement of 25-OHD level was extracted from 200 adults. The vitamin D levels of each individual were determined using chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), radio-immuno assay (RIA), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay. Assays were also compared through commonly used cut-points for classification of vitamin D deficiency. Bias between assays was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: The average age of patients was 45.7+/-16.1 years. A significant difference between the assays was found. The mean 25-OHD levels were highest for the LC-MS/MS (21.65 ng/mL, 95% CI 19.74-23.56), intermediate for RIA (16.607 ng/mL, 95% CI 14.87-18.32), and lowest for CLIA method (13.864 ng/mL, 95% CI 12.109-15.618). Using 30 ng/mL as a cutoff value, only 6% was found to have normal levels of 25-OHD using CLIA, 9% using RIA, and 22% using LC-MS/MS. CONCLUSION: Levels of 25-OHD and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency are dependent on the assay used. The reported high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among the Saudi population can be partially explained by the use of assays that underestimate vitamin D levels.

Symptomatic Hypocalcemia Associated with Zoledronic Acid Treatment for Osteoporosis: A Case Report.

Intravenous bisphosphonates are widely used in the management of solid tumors, metastatic bone disease, metabolic bone diseases and hypercalcemia of malignancies. Recently, yearly intravenous injections of zoledronic acid, one of the potent nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, have also been approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Although infrequently observed, asymptomatic hypocalcemia mainly due to intravenous bisphosphonates has been documented. Here we report a female patient who exhibited profound symptomatic hypocalcemia after receiving intravenous zoledronic acid as treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The patient was not assessed for calcium status prior to the intravenous bisphosphonate therapy, and she was later found to have severe vitamin D deficiency. To our knowledge, this is the first patient with symptomatic hypocalcemia to be reported after zoledronic acid was approved for the management of osteoporosis. We highlight the importance of evaluating calcium and vitamin D levels before initiating intravenous bisphosphonate treatment, particularly in the presence of widespread vitamin D deficiency and the likelihood of future increases in the prescription of intravenous bisphosphonates.

The status of Vitamin D in medical students in the preclerkship years of a Saudi medical school.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has recently been recognized in different parts of the world, even affecting healthy populations. The deficiency of vitamin D can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Few studies have been done to evaluate the status of vitamin D in the medical community. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of low levels of vitamin D in healthy Saudi medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in November 2009 on male and female students in the preclerkship years of medical school at the King Faisal University, Dammam. Data on age, consumption of dairy products and seafood, and exposure to sunlight were collected. The body mass index was calculated. Approximately, 15 ml of blood was extracted for the measurement of serum calcium, serum albumin, serum phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, fasting parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D levels. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D < 50 nmol/l. Comparison between groups was done for statistical significance using an unpaired t-test. Significance was set at P < 0.05 using 95% CI for all comparisons. RESULTS: The data from 95 male and 103 female students were analyzed. The mean age for all students was 19.54 years. In 100% of the students, the vitamin D level was low. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in all students was 96.0% (92.64% in males and 99.03% in females), while the remaining 4% had vitamin D insufficiency. The mean 25-hydroxy vitamin D level was 26.83 ± 12.60 nmol/l in males and 16.03 ± 8.28 nmol/l in females (P-value = 0.0001). Males had a statistically significant higher body mass index as well as consumption of dairy products, while the consumption of seafood was significantly higher in females. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of exposure to the sun. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among medical students included in this study. An urgent action has to be taken in order to prevent adverse consequences of low vitamin D in the young, otherwise healthy populations.

Favorable impact of Nigella sativa seeds on lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The atherogenic pattern of dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has been increasingly discussed. We have recently reported a hypoglycemic effect of Nigella sativa (NS) seeds in patients with type 2 DM. In this study we sought to assess the impact of NS seeds on lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A total of 94 patients with type 2 DM were recruited and divided into 3 dose groups. Capsules containing NS were administered orally in a dose of 1, 2, and 3 g/day for 12 weeks. All patients were subjected to measurement of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) before treatment and 4, 8, and 12 weeks thereafter. RESULTS: Patients receiving 1 g/day NS seeds for 12 weeks (group 1) showed nonsignificant changes in all the parameters except for a significant increase in HDL-c after 4 weeks of treatment. However, patients ingested 2 g/day NS displayed a significant decline in TC, TG, and LDL-c, and a significant elevation in HDL-c/LDL-c, compared with their baseline data and to group 1 patients. Increasing NS dose to 3 g/day failed to show any increase in the hypolipdemic effect produced by the 2 g/day dose. CONCLUSION: NS supplementation at a dose of 2 g/day for 12 weeks may improve the dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, NS is a potential protective natural agent against atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications in these patients.

Topical application of Sadat-Habdan mesenchymal stimulating peptide (SHMSP) accelerates wound healing in diabetic rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: Diminished wound healing is a common problem in diabetic patients due to diminished angiogenesis. SHMSP was found to promote angiogenesis. The present study was carried out to examine the effect of this peptide in healing of wounds in diabetic rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty male New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. Diabetes mellitus was induced and the rabbits were randomly divided into two equal groups: control group and peptide group. A-full thickness punch biopsy was made to create a wound of about 10 mm on the right ears of all rabbits. Every day, the wound was cleaned with saline in control groups. In the peptide group, 15 mg of SHMSP was applied after cleaning. On day 15th, all animals were sacrificed, and the wounds were excised with a rim of 5 mm of normal surrounding tissue. Histo-pathological assessment of wound healing, inflammatory cell infiltration, blood vessel proliferation, and collagen deposition was performed. RESULTS: There were no deaths among the groups. There was significant increase in wound healing, blood vessel proliferation and collagen deposition, and significant decrease in inflammatory cell infiltration in the peptide group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Topical application of SHMSP improves wound healing in diabetic rabbits.

Frequency of low bone mineral density in Saudi patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Metabolic bone disease is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our aim was to determine the frequency of bone loss among Saudi patients with IBD and possible contributing risk factors. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed Saudi patients with IBD, between 18 and 70 years of age, who had bone mass density (BMD) determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning at one of three hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 2001 to 2008. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Case notes and BMDs results were carefully reviewed for demographic and clinical data. Low bone mass, osteopenia, and osteoporosis were defined according to the WHO guidelines. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Predictive factors for BMD were analyzed using group comparisons and stepwise regression analyses. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients were included; 46% had Crohn's disease (CD) and 54% had ulcerative colitis (UC). The average age was 30.9±11.6 years. Using T-scores, the frequency of osteopenia was 44.2%, and the frequency of osteoporosis was 30.5% at both lumbar spine and proximal femur. Only 25.3% of patients exhibited a BMD within the normal range. Our results revealed a positive correlation between the Z-score in both the lumbar spine and the proximal femur and body mass index (BMI) (P=0.042 and P=0.018, respectively). On regression analysis BMI, age, and calcium supplementation were found to be the most important independent predictors of BMD. CONCLUSIONS: Saudi patients with IBD are at an increased risk of low BMD and the frequency of decreased BMD in Saudi patients with CD and UC were similar. BMI and age were the most important independent predictors of low BMD.

Influence of vitamin D levels on bone mineral density and osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The effects of vitamin D on bone mass remain to be understood. This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the influence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels on bone mineral density (BMD) among Saudi nationals. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study carried out at university hospital from 1 February 2008 to 31 May 2008. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Healthy Saudi men and women in the peak bone mass (PBM) age group and those aged ≥ 50 years were recruited from the outpatient department of King Fahd University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, between February 1, 2008, and May 31, 2008. Patient age and sex were documented, and body mass index was calculated. Hematological, biochemical, and serum 25OHD tests were performed. BMD was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry of the upper femur and lumbar spine. Patients were divided into three groups, based on their 25OHD level. RESULTS: Data from 400 patients were analyzed. Among individuals with a normal 25OHD level, 50% of women and 7% of men in the PBM age group and 26.4% of women and 49.2% of men aged ≥ 50 years had low bone mass. In patients with 25OHD insufficiency, 84.2% of women and 88.9% of men in the PBM age group and 83.3% of women and 80% of men aged ≥ 50 years had low bone mass. Results for patients with 25OHD deficiency revealed that none of the men and women in the PBM age group or ≥ 50 years old had normal BMD. Significant positive correlations between 25OHD level and BMD and significant negative correlations with parathyroid hormone were shown in most of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the vitamin D level significantly influences BMD reading among Saudi individuals. Evaluation and treatment of hypovitaminosis D should be considered during management of low bone mass.