Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Half-Life Extended Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) in Healthy Adults.

BACKGROUND: AZD7442 is a combination of extended half-life, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (tixagevimab and cilgavimab). METHODS: This phase 1, first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study evaluated AZD7442 administered intramuscularly (300 mg) or intravenously (300, 1000, or 3000 mg) in healthy adults (aged 18-55 years). The primary end point was safety and tolerability. Secondary end points included pharmacokinetics and antidrug antibodies. RESULTS: Between 18 August and 16 October 2020, a total of 60 participants were enrolled; 50 received AZD7442, and 10 received placebo. Adverse events (all of mild or moderate intensity) occurred in 26 participants (52.0%) in the AZD7442 groups and 8 (80.0%) in the placebo group. No infusion or injection site or hypersensitivity reactions occurred. Tixagevimab and cilgavimab had mean half-lives of approximately 90 days (range, 87.0-95.3 days for tixagevimab and 79.8--91.1 days for cilgavimab) and similar pharmacokinetic profiles over the 361-day study period. SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody titers provided by AZD7442 were maintained above those in plasma from convalescent patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CONCLUSIONS: AZD7442 was well tolerated in healthy adults, showing a favorable safety profile across all doses. Depending on the SARS-CoV-2 variant, pharmacokinetic analyses suggest the AZD7442 could offer protection for ≥6 months against symptomatic COVID-19 after a single 300-mg intramuscular administration. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT04507256.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the body in response to infections caused by microbes, including viruses. AZD7442 is a combination of 2 human antibodies, with an extended duration of effect, sourced from people who had recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These antibodies recognize a specific part (spike protein) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, and prevent the virus from infecting cells in the body. The current study evaluated the safety of AZD7442 in healthy volunteers. Sixty adults were given AZD7442 or placebo (salt solution) as injections into the muscle (300-mg dose) or infusions into a vein (300­3000-mg doses). The study did not find any safety issues with AZD7442, including at the highest dose. AZD7442 was measured in the blood 12 months after dosing, suggesting a long duration of protection. Following this study, AZD7442 was tested in larger clinical trials to investigate its potential in preventing and treating COVID-19. AZD7442 is currently authorized as treatment for outpatients with COVID-19 and as a preventive drug in people who may not respond well to COVID-19 vaccines and need additional protection (eg, those taking medications that dampen the immune system).

Intravenous Amisulpride Does Not Meaningfully Prolong the QTc Interval at Doses Effective for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are significant issues in surgical patients, and additional treatment options are needed. Dopaminergic antiemetics have been popular for their efficacy, but their use has been limited by safety concerns, especially the potential for torsade de pointes arising from QT interval prolongation. Intravenous (IV) amisulpride, a dopamine D2 and D3 antagonist shown to be effective at preventing and treating PONV at doses of 5 and 10 mg, respectively, has a dose-dependent effect on QT but at 5 mg is not associated with clinically meaningful prolongation of the heart rate-corrected QT (QTc) interval. This study was designed to evaluate the QT effect of a 10-mg dose of amisulpride, alone and when simultaneously coadministered with ondansetron, an antiemetic of a different class, also known to prolong the QT interval. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-period, crossover study, healthy male and female volunteers 18-65 years of age received IV, in a random sequence: (1) amisulpride 10 mg given twice, 2 hours apart; (2) amisulpride 10 mg and ondansetron 4 mg, given simultaneously; and (3) placebo. RESULTS: Thirty subjects were enrolled, and 29 completed all 3 treatment periods. The largest mean placebo-corrected change-from-baseline QT interval corrected for heart rate using Fridericia's formula (QTcF) (ΔΔQTcF) after the first and second amisulpride dose was 5.2 milliseconds (90% confidence interval [CI], 3.53-6.96 milliseconds) and 8.0 milliseconds (90% CI, 5.49-10.58 milliseconds), respectively. After coadministration of amisulpride and ondansetron, the largest mean ΔΔQTcF was 7.3 milliseconds (90% CI, 5.48-9.16 milliseconds). The slope of the amisulpride concentration-change-from-baseline QTcF (ΔQTcF) relationship was 0.006 ms/ng/mL (90% CI, 0.0020-0.0098). No QTc outliers (absolute QTcF value >480 milliseconds or increase from baseline >30 milliseconds) were seen in any period. CONCLUSIONS: A 10-mg dose of IV amisulpride, given alone or in combination with ondansetron, does not have a clinically significant effect on the QT interval.

Navafenterol (AZD8871) in healthy volunteers: safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of multiple ascending doses of this novel inhaled, long-acting, dual-pharmacology bronchodilator, in two phase I, randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled studies.

BACKGROUND: Navafenterol (AZD8871) is a novel, long-acting, dual-pharmacology (muscarinic receptor antagonist and ß2-adrenoceptor agonist) molecule in development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. METHODS: These two phase I, randomised, single-blind, multiple-ascending-dose studies evaluated inhaled navafenterol and placebo (3:1 ratio) in healthy, male, non-Japanese (study A; NCT02814656) and Japanese (study B; NCT03159442) volunteers. In each study, volunteers were dosed in three cohorts, allowing gradual dose escalation from 300 µg to 600 µg to 900 µg. The primary objective was to investigate the safety and tolerability of navafenterol at steady state. Pharmacokinetics were also assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-four volunteers completed each study (navafenterol, n = 6; placebo, n = 2 in each cohort). There were no deaths, serious adverse events (AEs) or treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) leading to discontinuation of navafenterol. The most frequent TEAEs were vessel puncture-site bruise (placebo, n = 2; navafenterol 900 µg; n = 3) in study A and diarrhoea (placebo, n = 1; navafenterol 300 µg, n = 2; navafenterol 900 µg, n = 3) in study B. No dose-response relationship was observed for TEAEs. There was a dose-dependent increase in mean heart rate on day 16 in both studies. The pharmacokinetics of navafenterol were similar between non-Japanese and Japanese volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple ascending doses of navafenterol were well-tolerated and the safety and pharmacokinetics of navafenterol were similar in non-Japanese and Japanese volunteers. The findings support navafenterol clinical development. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ; Nos.: NCT02814656 and NCT03159442; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov .

Navafenterol (AZD8871) in patients with mild asthma: a randomised placebo-controlled phase I study evaluating the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single ascending doses of this novel inhaled long-acting dual-pharmacology bronchodilator.

BACKGROUND: Navafenterol (AZD8871) is an inhaled long-acting dual-pharmacology muscarinic antagonist/ß2-adrenoceptor agonist (MABA) in development for the treatment of obstructive airways diseases. The safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of navafenterol were investigated in patients with mild asthma. METHODS: This was a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, single-ascending-dose study. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two cohorts which evaluated escalating doses of navafenterol (50-2100 µg) in an alternating manner over three treatment periods. The primary pharmacodynamic endpoint was the change from pre-dose baseline in trough forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) for each treatment period. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were randomised; 15 completed treatment. Data from all 16 patients were analysed. The maximum tolerated dose was not identified, and all doses of navafenterol were well tolerated. The most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were headache (n = 10, 62.5%) and nasopharyngitis (n = 7, 43.8%). No TEAEs were serious, fatal, or led to discontinuation, and no dose dependency was identified. Navafenterol demonstrated a dose-ordered bronchodilatory response with a rapid onset of action (within 5 min post-dose). Doses ≥200 µg resulted in improvements in trough FEV1 (mean change from baseline range 0.186-0.463 L) with sustained bronchodilation for 24-36 h. Plasma concentrations increased in a dose-proportional manner, peaking ~ 1 h post-dose, with a derived terminal elimination half-life of 15.96-23.10 h. CONCLUSIONS: In this study navafenterol was generally well tolerated with a rapid onset of action which was sustained over 36 h. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT02573155.

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of the inverse retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ agonist AZD0284.

AIMS: Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ), a master regulator of T-helper 17 (Th17) cell function and differentiation, is an attractive target for treatment of Th17-driven diseases. This first-in-human study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of the inverse RORγ agonist AZD0284. METHODS: We conducted a phase I, randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, two-part, first-in-human study with healthy subjects receiving single (4-238 mg) or multiple (12-100 mg) oral doses of AZD0284 or placebo after overnight fasting. Subjects in the one single dose cohort additionally received a single dose of AZD0284 after a high-calorie meal. AZD0284 plasma concentrations, as well as inhibition of ex vivo-stimulated interleukin (IL)-17A release in whole blood, were frequently measured after both single and multiple dosing. RESULTS: Eighty-three men participated in the study. AZD0284 was absorbed rapidly into plasma after oral dosing and exhibited a terminal half-life of 13-16 hours. Both the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax ) increased subproportionally with increasing dose (95% confidence intervals of slope parameter were 0.71-0.84 and 0.72-0.88 for AUC and Cmax , respectively). Food intake delayed the absorption of AZD0284 but did not affect the overall exposure or half-life. AZD0284 showed dose-dependent reduction of ex vivo-stimulated IL-17A release after both single and multiple doses. No significant safety concerns were identified in the study. CONCLUSIONS: AZD0284 was well tolerated, rapidly and dose-dependently absorbed, and reduced stimulated IL-17A release after single and multiple dosing. The results of this study support further clinical development of AZD0284.

Clinical safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and effects on urinary electrolyte excretion of AZD9977, a novel, selective mineralocorticoid receptor modulator.

AIMS: AZD9977 is the first mineralocorticoid receptor modulator in clinical development exerting similar organ protection as eplerenone with minimal urinary electrolyte effects in preclinical studies. The aim was to perform the initial clinical assessment of AZD9977. METHODS: A first-in-human trial explored doses from 5 to 1200 mg. To study effects on urinary electrolyte excretion an additional randomized placebo controlled cross-over four-period clinical trial was performed. Twenty-three healthy volunteers were administered fludrocortisone alone or in combination with AZD9977, eplerenone or both. AZD9977/eplerenone combination was given to assess if AZD9977 can attenuate eplerenone induced natriuresis. RESULTS: AZD9977 at doses from 5 to 1200 mg was safe and well tolerated and pharmacokinetics were compatible with further development. AZD9977 exhibited similar effects on urinary ln [Na+ ]/[K+ ] as eplerenone when using fludrocortisone as mineralocorticoid receptor agonist, and the combination had an additive effect on ln [Na+ K+ ]. CONCLUSIONS: The results in man contradict the results in rodent models driven by aldosterone, in which AZD9977 has minimal electrolyte effects. Future clinical studies with AZD9977 should be performed in presence of endogenous or exogenous aldosterone to assess potential benefit of AZD9977 in patients.

A Randomized Phase I Study of the Anti-Interleukin-33 Antibody Tozorakimab in Healthy Adults and Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Tozorakimab is a human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes interleukin (IL)-33. IL-33 is a broad-acting epithelial "alarmin" cytokine upregulated in lung tissue of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This first-in-human, phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (NCT03096795) evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PKs), immunogenicity, target engagement, and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of tozorakimab. This was a 3-part study. In part 1, 56 healthy participants with a history of mild atopy received single escalating doses of either intravenous or subcutaneous tozorakimab or placebo. In part 2, 24 patients with mild COPD received multiple ascending doses of subcutaneous tozorakimab or placebo. In part 3, 8 healthy Japanese participants received a single intravenous dose of tozorakimab or placebo. The safety data collected included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), vital signs, and clinical laboratory parameters. Biological samples for PKs, immunogenicity, target engagement, and PD biomarker analyses were collected. No meaningful differences in the frequencies of TEAEs were observed between the tozorakimab and placebo arms. Three tozorakimab-treated participants with COPD experienced treatment-emergent serious adverse events. Subcutaneous or intravenous tozorakimab demonstrated linear, time-independent PKs with a mean half-life of 11.7-17.3 days. Treatment-emergent anti-drug antibody frequency was low. Engagement of tozorakimab with endogenous IL-33 in serum and nasal airways was demonstrated. Tozorakimab significantly reduced serum IL-5 and IL-13 levels in patients with COPD compared with placebo. Overall, tozorakimab was well tolerated, with a linear, time-independent serum PK profile. Additionally, biomarker studies demonstrated proof of mechanism. Overall, these data support the further clinical development of tozorakimab in COPD and other inflammatory diseases.

Three-Year Safety, Tolerability, and Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes of Adjuvant Osimertinib in Patients With Resected Stage IB to IIIA EGFR-Mutated NSCLC: Updated Analysis From the Phase 3 ADAURA Trial.

INTRODUCTION: In ADAURA, adjuvant osimertinib significantly improved disease-free survival versus placebo in resected stage IB to IIIA EGFR-mutated NSCLC. We report in-depth analyses of three-year safety, tolerability, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) from ADAURA. METHODS: Patients were randomized 1:1 to osimertinib 80 mg or placebo once daily for up to 3 years. Safety assessments were performed at baseline, week 2, week 4, week 12, and every 12 weeks until treatment completion or discontinuation, and 28 days after treatment was stopped. The SF-36 survey measured HRQoL at baseline, week 12, week 24, and every 24 weeks until recurrence, treatment completion or discontinuation. Data cutoff: April 11, 2022. RESULTS: Safety and HRQoL analysis sets: osimertinib, n = 337 and n = 339; placebo, n = 343 each. Median (range) total exposure duration was longer with osimertinib versus placebo: 35.8 (0-38) versus 25.1 (0-39) months. Most adverse events (AEs) were first reported within 12 months of starting treatment (osimertinib 97%, placebo 86%). AEs leading to dose reduction, interruption or discontinuation were reported in 12%, 27% and 13% respectively of patients with osimertinib; 1%, 13% and 3% with placebo. Stomatitis and diarrhea were the most common AEs leading to osimertinib dose reduction or interruption; interstitial lung disease was the most common leading to osimertinib discontinuation (per protocol). There were no differences in time to deterioration for SF-36 physical, mental component summaries between osimertinib and placebo. CONCLUSIONS: No new safety signals were reported and HRQoL was maintained with 3 years of adjuvant osimertinib treatment. Combined with significant efficacy benefit, these data further support adjuvant osimertinib in stage IB to IIIA EGFR-mutated NSCLC.

Effect of Oral Semaglutide on the Pharmacokinetics of Levonorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol in Healthy Postmenopausal Women and Furosemide and Rosuvastatin in Healthy Subjects.

BACKGROUND: The first oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) comprises semaglutide co-formulated with the absorption enhancer, sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate (SNAC). Oral semaglutide may alter the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs via effects of semaglutide or SNAC. Two separate one-sequence crossover trials investigated the effects of oral semaglutide and SNAC on the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel, furosemide and rosuvastatin. METHODS: Healthy, postmenopausal women (n = 25) received once-daily combined ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel (Trial 1) and healthy male and female subjects (n = 41) received single doses of furosemide and rosuvastatin (Trial 2), either alone, with SNAC alone or with oral semaglutide. Lack of drug-drug interaction was concluded if 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for the ratio of area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) or maximum concentration (Cmax), with/without oral semaglutide, were within a pre-specified interval (0.80-1.25). RESULTS: The AUC values of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel were not affected by oral semaglutide co-administration (estimated ratios [90% CI] 1.06 [1.01-1.10] and 1.06 [0.97-1.17], respectively); Cmax was not affected. The no-effect criterion was not met for furosemide or rosuvastatin for the AUC (1.28 [1.16-1.42] and 1.41 [1.24-1.60], respectively) or Cmax. SNAC alone did not affect the AUC or Cmax of ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel or rosuvastatin; the Cmax of furosemide was slightly decreased. Adverse events were similar to those previously observed for GLP-1RAs (both trials). CONCLUSION: Co-administration with oral semaglutide did not affect the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol or levonorgestrel. There was a small increase in exposure of furosemide and rosuvastatin; however, these increases are not expected to be of clinical relevance. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: NCT02845219 and NCT03010475.

Safety and nonclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics of PC945, a novel inhaled triazole antifungal agent.

PC945 is a novel antifungal triazole formulated for nebulized delivery to treat lung Aspergillus infections. Pharmacokinetic and safety profiles from nonclinical studies and clinical trials in healthy subjects, and subjects with mild asthma were characterized. Toxicokinetics were assessed following daily 2-hour inhalation for 14 days. Potential for drug-drug interactions was evaluated using pooled human liver microsomes. Clinical safety and pharmacokinetics were assessed following (a) single inhaled doses (0.5-10 mg), (b) 7-day repeat doses (5 mg daily) in healthy subjects; (c) a single dose (5 mg) in subjects with mild asthma. Cmax occurred 4 hours (rats) or immediately (dogs) after a single dose. PC945 lung concentrations were substantially higher (>2000-fold) than those in plasma. PC945 only inhibited CYP3A4/5 substrate metabolism (IC50 : 1.33 µM [testosterone] and 0.085 µM [midazolam]). Geometric mean Cmax was 322 pg/mL (healthy subjects) and 335 pg/mL (subjects with mild asthma) 4-5 hours (median tmax ) after a single inhalation (5 mg). Following repeat, once daily inhalation (5 mg), Day 7 Cmax was 951 pg/mL (0.0016 µM) 45 minutes after dosing. Increases in Cmax and AUC0-24h were approximately dose-proportional (0.5-10 mg). PC945 administration was well tolerated in both healthy subjects and subjects with mild asthma. Treatment-emergent adverse events were mild/moderate and resolved before the study ended. No clinically significant lung function changes were observed. PC945 pharmacokinetics translated from nonclinical species to humans showed slow absorption from lungs and low systemic exposure, thereby limiting the potential for adverse side effects and drug interactions commonly seen with systemically delivered azoles.

Depletion of LAG-3+ T Cells Translated to Pharmacology and Improvement in Psoriasis Disease Activity: A Phase I Randomized Study of mAb GSK2831781.

Activated T cells drive a range of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. LAG-3 is transiently expressed on recently activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We describe the engineering and first-in-human clinical study (NCT02195349) of GSK2831781 (an afucosylated humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody enhanced with high affinity for Fc receptors and LAG-3 and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity capabilities), which depletes LAG-3 expressing cells. GSK2831781 was tested in a phase I/Ib, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study, which randomized 40 healthy participants (part A) and 27 patients with psoriasis (part B) to single doses of GSK2831781 (up to 0.15 and 5 mg/kg, respectively) or placebo. Adverse events were generally balanced across groups, with no safety or tolerability concern identified. LAG-3+ cell depletion in peripheral blood was observed at doses ≥ 0.15 mg/kg and was dose-dependent. In biopsies of psoriasis plaques, a reduction in mean group LAG-3+ and CD3+ T-cell counts was observed following treatment. Downregulation of proinflammatory genes (IL-17A, IL-17F, IFNγ, and S100A12) and upregulation of the epithelial barrier integrity gene, CDHR1, was observed with the 5 mg/kg dose of GSK2831781. Psoriasis disease activity improved up to day 43 at all GSK2831781 doses (0.5, 1.5, and 5 mg/kg) compared with placebo. Depletion of LAG-3-expressing activated T cells is a novel approach, and this first clinical study shows that GSK2831781 is pharmacologically active and provides encouraging early evidence of clinical effects in psoriasis, which warrants further investigation in T-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.

The Pharmacokinetics and Relative Bioavailability of Mepolizumab 100 mg Liquid Formulation Administered Subcutaneously to Healthy Participants: A Randomized Trial.

This study compared the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of a new liquid formulation of mepolizumab with the established lyophilized formulation. In this open-label, parallel-group, single-dose study (NCT03014674; GSK ID: 204958), healthy participants were randomized (1:1:1) to receive a single mepolizumab dose (100 mg) administered subcutaneously as liquid in a single-use prefilled syringe or single-use prefilled autoinjector, or as a lyophilized formulation. Maximum plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero (predose) to time of last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t ), and AUC from time zero to infinity (AUC0-∞ ) as well as additional PK parameters, safety assessments, and blood eosinophil count were evaluated. In total, 244 participants received study drug. All PK parameters were similar across the 3 groups; 90% confidence intervals for maximum plasma concentration, AUC0-t , and AUC0-∞ treatment ratios (liquid prefilled syringe or autoinjector vs lyophilized formulation) were within conventional bioequivalence bounds (0.80-1.25), demonstrating statistical PK comparability. On-treatment adverse event incidence was 29% to 38%. Mepolizumab liquid formulation administered via prefilled syringe or autoinjector had similar PK properties to the lyophilized formulation, with no safety concerns identified.

Phase 1 Pharmacokinetic Study of AZD5718 in Healthy Volunteers: Effects of Coadministration With Rosuvastatin, Formulation and Food on Oral Bioavailability.

AZD5718 is a first-in-class small-molecule anti-inflammatory drug with the potential to reduce the residual risk of cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction in patients receiving lipid-lowering statin therapy. Leukotrienes are potent proinflammatory and vasoactive mediators synthesized in leukocytes via 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). AZD5718 is a FLAP inhibitor that dose-dependently reduced leukotriene biosynthesis in a first-in-human study. We enrolled 12 healthy men in a randomized, open-label, crossover, single-dose phase 1 pharmacokinetic study of AZD5718 to investigate a potential drug-drug interaction with rosuvastatin, and the effects of formulation and food intake (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02963116). Rosuvastatin (10 mg) were absorbed more rapidly when coadministered with AZD5718 (200 mg), probably owing to weak inhibition of hepatic statin uptake, but relative bioavailability was unaffected (geometric least-squares mean ratio [GMR], 100%; 90% confidence interval [CI], 86%-116%). AZD5718 pharmacokinetics were unaffected by coadministration of rosuvastatin. AZD5718 (200 mg) was absorbed less rapidly when formulated as tablets than oral suspension, with reduced relative bioavailability (GMR, 72%; 90%CI, 64%-80%). AZD5718 absorption was slower when 200-mg tablets were taken after a high-fat breakfast than after fasting, but relative bioavailability was unaffected (GMR, 96%; 90%CI, 87%-106%). In post hoc pharmacodynamic simulations, plasma leukotriene B4 levels were inhibited by >90% throughout the day following once-daily AZD5718, regardless of formulation or administration with food. AZD5718 was well tolerated, with no severe or serious adverse events. These data supported the design of a phase 2a efficacy study of AZD5718 in patients with coronary artery disease.

The Association for Human Pharmacology in the Pharmaceutical Industry London Meeting October 2019: Impending Change, Innovation, and Future Challenges.

The Association for Human Pharmacology in the Pharmaceutical Industry (AHPPI) annual meeting focused on impending change, innovation, and future challenges facing early phase drug development as we move into the second decade of the 21th century. The meeting opened with discussion around the technical revolution in pharmaceutical medicine over the 4 decades since the AHPPI was founded and how transformative technologies have accompanied the introduction of processes such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. During the meeting examples were presented of how in terms of the development of new therapies, the classic phases of clinical drug development are becoming a thing of the past and the lines between the phases have begun to blur, particularly in the field of oncology. The contribution that monoclonal antibodies have made to medicine and the next chapter in their design and use was also discussed. A representative of the UK's Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency discussed the increasing numbers of requests to approve complex innovative design trials, how novel trial designs are impacting on the traditional linear "phase" approach to drug development and the common pitfalls associated with them. Guidance was provided from a regulator's viewpoint on what was meant by the term "novel design" and how to submit successful trial applications for such complex trials. In an Oxford-style debate, the audience discussed the motion that "there is no longer a need to include placebo subjects in early clinical trials." The keynote speaker focused on delivering change in complex environments such as the field of drug development. The afternoon session included presentations on the challenges associated with drug product design, the complexities within non-oral dosage forms and proposed new methods of formulations for drug delivery. Presentations were also given on advances in mechanistic and computational pharmacokinetic modeling and how they have proved to be valuable tools to rationalize and facilitate the process of drug development.

Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Modulator AZD9977 in Healthy Men: A Phase I Multiple Ascending Dose Study.

Excessive activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) underlies the pathophysiology of heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Hyperkalemia risk limits the therapeutic use of conventional MR antagonists. AZD9977 is a nonsteroidal, selective MR modulator that may protect nonepithelial tissues without disturbing electrolyte balance. This phase I study investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of multiple oral doses of AZD9977 in healthy volunteers. Twenty-seven male participants aged 23-45 years were randomized 3:1 to receive oral AZD9977 or placebo for 8 days (with twice-daily dosing on days 2-7), in dose cohorts of 50, 150, and 300 mg (AZD9977, n = 6 per cohort; placebo, n = 3 per cohort). Adverse events occurred in 4 of 18 participants receiving AZD9977 (22.2%) and 6 of 9 receiving placebo (66.7%), all of mild or moderate severity; none were serious or led to withdrawal. AZD9977 was rapidly absorbed, with median time of maximum concentration of 0.50-0.84 hours across dose groups. Area under the curve and maximum concentration were approximately dose proportional but elimination and accumulation terminal half-life increased with dose. Steady-state was reached after 3-4 days, with dose-dependent accumulation of 1.2-1.7-fold. Renal clearance was 5.9-6.5 L/hour and 24-37% of AZD9977 was excreted in the urine. Serum aldosterone levels increased dose dependently from days -1 to 7 in participants receiving AZD9977, but serum potassium levels and urinary electrolyte excretion were unchanged. AZD9977 was generally well-tolerated with no safety concerns. Exploratory outcomes suggested reduced hyperkalemia risk compared with MR antagonists. These findings support further clinical development of AZD9977.

The Association for Human Pharmacology in the Pharmaceutical Industry London Meeting 2018: Brexit and Other Challenges in Early Phase Drug Development.

The Association for Human Pharmacology in the Pharmaceutical Industry (AHPPI) annual meeting focused on the changing face of early phase drug development and opened with a keynote speech concerning the revolution in pharmaceutical medicine over the last 30 years and the impact this has had on the way patients are treated. Examples were presented of how translational pharmaceutics is being used to tackle the high drug candidate failure rate and is improving productivity when moving drug candidates from the laboratory through to clinical proof of concept. The European Medicines Agency revised 2007 Risk Mitigation guideline on first in human (FIH) clinical trials was discussed. The focus of the revised guideline, which came into force in February 2018, is on risk mitigation and promotion of safety and will assist drug sponsors with the design and performance of early clinical studies. The use of integrated adaptive protocol designs in early clinical development was discussed in relation to the challenges involved when running early phase clinical trials in patients. The Health Regulatory Authority presented its strategies to ensure that following Brexit, the United Kingdom remains an attractive place to conduct Phase I clinical trials. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency confirmed that in the event of a "no deal" Brexit, it is well placed to implement and influence many provisions of the new EU CTR. The meeting provided an opportunity to discuss the changing regulatory environment and the opportunities and challenges facing the United Kingdom following Brexit with invited speakers from a range of disciplines including drug development, clinical trials and research organizations, government science policy and regulatory agencies.

Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Once-Weekly and Once-Monthly Buprenorphine Subcutaneous Injection Depots (CAM2038) Versus Intravenous and Sublingual Buprenorphine in Healthy Volunteers Under Naltrexone Blockade: An Open-Label Phase 1 Study.

INTRODUCTION: CAM2038 q1w (once weekly) and q4w (once monthly) are investigational buprenorphine subcutaneous (SC) formulations based on FluidCrystal® injection depot technology. These two drug products are being developed for opioid dependence treatment, with a target for once-weekly and once-monthly SC dosing. The rationale for developing two products with different dosing frequencies is that treatment strategies/routines, and hence different treatment preferences, can vary between patients, different stages of opioid maintenance treatment, and countries. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics and safety of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine following administration of CAM2038 q1w or q4w versus active controls. METHODS: Healthy volunteers were randomized to five treatment groups. All received a single intravenous dose of buprenorphine 600 µg, followed post-washout by a single dose of CAM2038 q4w 96 mg, a single dose of CAM2038 q4w 192 mg, or sublingual buprenorphine 8, 16, or 24 mg daily for 7 days, followed post-washout by a single dose of CAM2038 q4w 64 or 128 mg or four repeated weekly doses of CAM2038 q1w 16 mg. All subjects received daily naltrexone. RESULTS: Eighty-seven subjects were randomized. Median buprenorphine t max after CAM2038 q4w was 4-10 h (24 h for CAM2038 q1w); mean terminal half-life was 19-25 days (5 days for CAM2038 q1w). CAM2038 q4w showed dose-proportional buprenorphine release, with similar exposure to repeat-dose CAM2038 q1w at comparable monthly dose level. Both CAM2038 formulations showed complete absolute bioavailability of buprenorphine and 5.7- to 7.7-fold greater buprenorphine bioavailability versus sublingual buprenorphine. CAM2038 q1w and q4w were well tolerated; subjects' acceptance was higher for CAM2038 than for sublingual buprenorphine 1 h post-dose. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacokinetic profiles of CAM2038 q1w and q4w versus sublingual buprenorphine support expected treatment efficacy with once-weekly and once-monthly dosing, respectively. CAM2038 formulations were safe and showed good local tolerability. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN24987553. FUNDING: Camurus AB.