Outcomes of chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Insights from the LATAM CTO registry.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with and without prior coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. BACKGROUND: Data on the outcomes of CTO PCI in patients with versus without CABG remains limited and with scarce representation from developing regions like Latin America. METHODS: We evaluated patients undergoing CTO PCI in 42 centers participating in the LATAM CTO registry between 2008 and 2020. Statistical analyses were stratified according to CABG status. The outcomes of interest were technical and procedural success and in-hospital major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). RESULTS: A total of 1662 patients were included (n = 1411 [84.9%] no-CABG and n = 251 [15.1%] prior-CABG). Compared with no-CABG, those with prior-CABG were older (67 ± 11 vs. 64 ± 11 years; p < 0.001), had more comorbidities and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (52.8 ± 12.8% vs. 54.4 ± 11.7%; p = 0.042). Anatomic complexity was higher in the prior-CABG group (J-CTO score 2.46 ± 1.19 vs. 2.10 ± 1.22; p < 0.001; PROGRESS CTO score 1.28 ± 0.89 vs. 0.91 ± 0.85; p < 0.001). Absence of CABG was associated with lower risk of technical and procedural failure (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43-0.85 and OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.40-0.83, respectively). No significant differences in the incidence of in-hospital MACCE (3.8% no-CABG vs. 4.4% prior-CABG; p = 0.766) were observed between groups. CONCLUSION: In a contemporary multicenter CTO-PCI registry from Latin America, prior-CABG patients had more comorbidities, higher anatomical complexity, lower success, and similar in-hospital adverse event rates compared with no-CABG patients.

Coronary circulating mononuclear progenitor cells and soluble biomarkers in the cardiovascular prognosis after coronary angioplasty.

Currently, there are no confident prognostic markers in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing angioplasty. The present study aimed to explore whether basal coronary circulating Mononuclear Progenitor Cells (MPCs) and vascular injury biomarkers were related to development of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and may impact clinical prognosis. METHODS: The number of MPCs and soluble mediators such as IL-1ß, sICAM-1, MMP-9, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide were determined in coronary and peripheral circulation. Prognostic ability for MACEs occurring at 6 months follow up was assessed by time-to-event and event free survival estimations. RESULTS: Lower coronary circulating MPCs subpopulations CD45+ CD34+ , CD45+ CD34+ CD133+ CD184+ , lower MMP-9 and higher sICAM-1 significantly associated with MACEs presentation and showed prognostic ability; while peripheral blood increase in malondialdehyde and decreased superoxide dismutase were observed in patients with MACEs. CONCLUSION: Coronary concentration of biomarkers related with vascular repair, such as MPCs subpopulations and adhesion molecules, may predict MACEs and impact prognosis in patients with CAD undergoing angioplasty; whereas peripheral pro-oxidative condition may be also associated.

Development of the Mexican Heart Team: The Long and Winding Road.

Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Efforts to decrease HF mortality rates include a multidisciplinary approach management. Although evidence suggests that this has been an optimal strategy for treating HF, the model remains not widely implanted. The current article explores the rationale behind the formation of a Heart Team in a developing country and its development despite the lack of an allocated budget.

King Ghidorah technique for a trifurcation lesion in a very high-risk NSTEMI.

A 66-year-old male Jehovah's Witness arrived at the emergency room having experienced typical persistent angina.

High risk of coronary artery obstruction during TAVR, how to avoid it?

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery obstruction after percutaneous aortic replacement is a complication with high short-term mortality secondary to the lack of timely treatment. There are various predictors of coronary obstruction prior to valve placement such as the distance from the ostia, the degree of calcification, the distance from the sinuses; In such a situation some measures must be taken to prevent and treat coronary obstruction. CASE PRESENTATION: An 84-year-old male, with severe aortic stenosis and high surgical risk, who was treated with TAVR. However, during the deployment of the valve he presented hemodynamic instability secondary to LMCA obstruction. The intravascular image showed obstruction of the ostium secondary to the displacement of calcium that he was successfully treated with a chimney stent technique. CONCLUSIONS: The high degree of calcification and the left ostium near the annulus are conditions for obstruction of the ostium at the time of valve release; In this context, provisional stenting prior to TAVR in patients at high risk of obstruction should be considered as a safe prevention strategy to achieve the success of the procedure.

Percutaneous mitral and tricuspid edge-to-edge repair as a bridge therapy to heart transplantation in advanced heart failure secondary to human immunodeficiency virus: a case report.

Background: Patients with end-stage heart failure (HF) and severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) are not eligible for heart transplant due to high mortality risk. Percutaneous interventions as edge-to-edge repair of the mitral/tricuspid valves are a safe and effective therapy as a bridge for transplantation in patients who have contraindications to heart transplantations (HTs). Case summary: A 44-year-old man with a previous diagnosis of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was admitted at the emergency room for exertional dyspnoea. He was diagnosed with a decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), severe mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, and high probability of PH. He presented poor response to guided medical treatment, even after implantable cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D). He was listed for a cardiac transplant, but after right catheterization, he was not an ideal candidate for transplantation, so it was decided to undergo percutaneous mitral and tricuspid edge-to-edge repair as a bridge to transplantation. The post-operative course was uneventful, with significant improvement in New York Heart Association functional class. The patient underwent a successful heart transplant 10 months after the procedure. Discussion: In patients with advanced HF due to HIV, HT is an adequate treatment option. When there are functional mitral and tricuspid regurgitation and severe PH, despite optimal treatment according to current guidelines, percutaneous mitral and tricuspid repair therapy appears to be safe and effective for control of severe PH as a bridge measure for cardiac transplantation.

Complete revascularization with PCI in STEMI patients with multivessel disease, when is the appropriate time? / Revascularización completa mediante ICP en pacientes con STEMI y enfermedad coronaria multivaso, ¿cuál es el momento adecuado?

Objective: The purpose was to compare the outcomes of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease undergoing one-time multivessel revascularization (OTMVR) versus in-hospital staged complete revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, observational, and cohort study, including data from January 2013 to April 2019. A total of 634 patients were included in the study. Comparisons were made between patients who underwent in-hospital staged complete revascularization versus OTMVR. The primary endpoint was all-cause in-hospital mortality, secondary endpoints included cardiovascular complications, all-cause new hospitalization, and mortality evaluated at 30 days and 1 year. In addition, we constructed a logistic regression model for determining the risk factors that predicted mortality. Results: Of the 634 patients, 328 were treated with staged revascularization and 306 with OTMVR. About 76.7% were men, with a mean age of 63.3 years. Less complex coronary lesions and a higher proportion of the left anterior descending artery as the culprit vessel were found in the OTMVR group. Compared with staged revascularization, the primary and secondary endpoints occurred less frequently with OTMVR strategy. Conclusions: OTMVR did not generate more complications and demonstrate better clinical outcomes than in-hospital staged revascularization.

Objetivo: El propósito fue comparar resultados de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST y enfermedad coronaria multivaso sometidos a revascularización completa de un solo momento frente a revascularización completa por etapas mediante intervención coronaria percutánea. Métodos: Estudio cohorte observacional, retrospectivo, unicéntrico, con datos de enero de 2013 a abril de 2019, incluyendo 634 pacientes. Se compararon resultados entre pacientes sometidos a revascularización completa por etapas frente a revascularización completa en un solo momento. El objetivo primario fue valorar mortalidad intrahospitalaria por cualquier causa y como objetivos secundarios se evaluaron a 30 días y 1 año las complicaciones cardiovasculares, hospitalizaciones y mortalidad. Se construyó un modelo de regresión logística para determinar los factores de riesgo que predijeron mortalidad. Resultados: De 634 pacientes, 328 fueron tratados con revascularización por etapas y 306 con revascularización en una intervención. El 76.7% fueron hombres, con una media de edad de 63.3 años. En el grupo de revascularización de un solo tiempo se encontraron lesiones coronarias menos complejas y una mayor proporción de la arteria descendente anterior como vaso culpable. Comparado con el grupo de revascularización por etapas, los objetivos primarios y secundarios ocurrieron con menos frecuencia en el grupo de revascularización en un solo tiempo. Conclusiones: Comparada con la revascularización intrahospitalaria por etapas, la revascularización en una intervención lleva a mejores desenlaces clínicos sin generar más complicaciones.

Feasibility of distal transradial access for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention: an observational and prospective study in a Latin-American Centre.

BACKGROUND: Distal transradial access (dTRA) as a refinement of the conventional transradial access (TRA) has advantages in terms of risk of radial artery occlusion (RAO). In order to evaluate the real-world feasibility and safety of dTRA as the default access site for routine coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a Latin-American centre, this prospective observational registry was conducted. METHODS: Consecutive patients with a prior assessment for CAG and/or PCI were enrolled in this single-centre prospective registry from October 2018 to March 2019. The primary endpoints were the success rate of CAG and PCI. Secondary endpoints included the success rate of puncture of the distal radial artery, complications at the puncture site and puncture time. RESULTS: The success rates of CAG and PCI were 100% (155/155) and 97% (69/71), respectively. Puncture time and fluoroscopic time were 52 ± 19 seconds and 16.3 ± 35.4 minutes, respectively. Haemostasis time was 142 ± 45 min. A total of 19 (12.5%) puncture site complications occurred, including 18 (11.6%) minor haematomas and one (0.6%) arterial perforation, in which the artery was patent at the one-month follow-up. Five patients complained of left thumb numbness at a one-month follow-up. No distal radial artery occlusion, pseudoaneurysm, or arteriovenous fistula occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The success and complication rates of ldTRA support the feasibility and safety of this procedure using the appropriate materials in previously selected patients.

Successful Closure of Paravalvular Leak Using Computed Tomography Image Fusion and Planning With 3-Dimensional Printing.

The presence of moderate to severe paravalvular leak increases mortality. We present a case of giant paravalvular leak closure using the 3-dimensional printing model to assess the success of the device to be used for its closure, computed tomography was performed for planning and guiding the procedure by image fusion. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

Description of the Step-by-Step Technique With Snare Catheter for TAVR in Horizontal Aorta.

The presence of a horizontal aorta in patients treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement increases the difficulty of the procedure. We present 5 cases with aortic stenosis with a horizontal aorta who underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement using a self-expanding prostheses, with the objective of describing the techniques used and obtaining success with a snare catheter. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Coronary Progenitor Cells and Soluble Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Prognosis after Coronary Angioplasty.

Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) negatively impact the cardiovascular prognosis of patients undergoing coronary angioplasty due to coronary ischemic injury. The extent of coronary damage and the mechanisms of vascular repair are factors influencing the future development of MACEs. Intrinsic vascular features like the plaque characteristics and coronary artery complexity have demonstrated prognostic information for MACEs. However, the use of intracoronary circulating biomarkers has been postulated as a convenient method for the early identification and prognosis of MACEs, as they more closely reflect dynamic mechanisms involving coronary damage and repair. Determination of coronary circulating biomarkers during angioplasty, such as the number of subpopulations of mononuclear progenitor cells (MPCs) as well as the concentration of soluble molecules reflecting inflammation, cell adhesion, and repair, allows for assessment of future developments and the prognosis of MACEs 6 months post coronary angioplasty. This method is highlighted by its translational nature and better performance than peripheral blood circulating biomarkers regarding prediction of MACEs and its effect on the cardiovascular prognosis, which may be applied for risk stratification of patients with coronary artery disease undergoing angioplasty.

[Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the thoracic aorta: endovascular treatment, hybrid or surgery. A review]. / Aneurisma de aorta torácica por úlcera aterosclerótica penetrante: tratamiento endovascular, hibrido o cirugía. Revisión.

The aortic aneurysm is part of the acute aortic syndromes (AAS). Aortic aneurysms have a weakened tunica media. Acute aneurysm expansion may herald rupture with high morbility and mortality. Five percent of AAS are diagnosed as pentetrating atherosclerotic ulcer which is an ulceration of an atherosclerotic lesion of the aorta that penetrates the internal elastic lamina and allows hematoma formation within the tunica media of the aortic wall. Endovascular treatment is an alternative to surgery and has provided an adequate rate of successful repair. There is another type of treatment which combines surgery and endovascular repair (the hybrid open-endovascular repair) which provides adequate results. The afford mention case is about a patient with a penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer. The hematoma that results from this ulcer extends and self-contains the aneurysm, with a high risk of rupture. We will also describe the aneurysm treatment options.

Stress induced cardiomyopathy due to a Mexican earthquake.

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy mainly occurs in postmenopausal women, with or without cardiovascular disease, and is commonly associated with emotional or physical stress. After nearly 27 years of extensive efforts towards a better understanding of this disorder, current knowledge remains limited. Many people suffer post-traumatic stress, and this situation can be associated to stress cardiomyopathy. The case is presented of a female who suffers stress associated with the earthquake of 19 September 2017 in Mexico City, and arrived in the Emergency Department in cardiogenic shock.

Complete revascularization with PCI in STEMI patients with multivessel disease, when is the appropriate time? / Revascularización completa mediante ICP en pacientes con STEMI y enfermedad coronaria multivaso, ¿cuál es el momento adecuado?

Abstract Objective: The purpose was to compare the outcomes of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease undergoing one-time multivessel revascularization (OTMVR) versus in-hospital staged complete revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, observational, and cohort study, including data from January 2013 to April 2019. A total of 634 patients were included in the study. Comparisons were made between patients who underwent in-hospital staged complete revascularization versus OTMVR. The primary endpoint was all-cause in-hospital mortality, secondary endpoints included cardiovascular complications, all-cause new hospitalization, and mortality evaluated at 30 days and 1 year. In addition, we constructed a logistic regression model for determining the risk factors that predicted mortality. Results: Of the 634 patients, 328 were treated with staged revascularization and 306 with OTMVR. About 76.7% were men, with a mean age of 63.3 years. Less complex coronary lesions and a higher proportion of the left anterior descending artery as the culprit vessel were found in the OTMVR group. Compared with staged revascularization, the primary and secondary endpoints occurred less frequently with OTMVR strategy. Conclusions: OTMVR did not generate more complications and demonstrate better clinical outcomes than in-hospital staged revascularization.

Resumen Objetivo: El propósito fue comparar resultados de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST y enfermedad coronaria multivaso sometidos a revascularización completa de un solo momento frente a revascularización completa por etapas mediante intervención coronaria percutánea. Métodos: Estudio cohorte observacional, retrospectivo, unicéntrico, con datos de enero de 2013 a abril de 2019, incluyendo 634 pacientes. Se compararon resultados entre pacientes sometidos a revascularización completa por etapas frente a revascularización completa en un solo momento. El objetivo primario fue valorar mortalidad intrahospitalaria por cualquier causa y como objetivos secundarios se evaluaron a 30 días y 1 año las complicaciones cardiovasculares, hospitalizaciones y mortalidad. Se construyó un modelo de regresión logística para determinar los factores de riesgo que predijeron mortalidad. Resultados: De 634 pacientes, 328 fueron tratados con revascularización por etapas y 306 con revascularización en una intervención. El 76.7% fueron hombres, con una media de edad de 63.3 años. En el grupo de revascularización de un solo tiempo se encontraron lesiones coronarias menos complejas y una mayor proporción de la arteria descendente anterior como vaso culpable. Comparado con el grupo de revascularización por etapas, los objetivos primarios y secundarios ocurrieron con menos frecuencia en el grupo de revascularización en un solo tiempo. Conclusiones: Comparada con la revascularización intrahospitalaria por etapas, la revascularización en una intervención lleva a mejores desenlaces clínicos sin generar más complicaciones.

Stress induced cardiomyopathy due to a Mexican earthquake / Cardiomiopatía por estrés inducida por el terremoto en México

Abstract Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy mainly occurs in postmenopausal women, with or with- out cardiovascular disease, and is commonly associated with emotional or physical stress. After nearly 27 years of extensive efforts towards a better understanding of this disorder, current knowledge remains limited. Many people suffer post-traumatic stress, and this situation can be associated to stress cardiomyopathy. The case is presented of a female who suffers stress asso- ciated with the earthquake of 19 September 2017 in Mexico City, and arrived in the Emergency Department in cardiogenic shock.

Resumen La miocardiopatía de Takotsubo ocurre principalmente en mujeres posmenopáusicas con o sin enfermedad cardiovascular, y se asocia comúnmente con estrés emocional o físico. Después de casi 27 an˜os de esfuerzos extensos para una mejor comprensión de este trastorno, el conocimiento actual sigue siendo limitado. Muchas personas sufren estrés postraumático y esta situación puede estar asociada a la cardiomiopatía por estrés. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer que sufrió estrés relacionado con el pasado terremoto del 19 de septiembre en la Ciudad de México y llegó al servicio de urgencias en choque cardiogénico.

TAVI in Intermediate-risk patients: a review in purpose of a case / TAVI en pacientes de riesgo intermedio: una revisión a propósito de un caso

Abstract: Background: Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease worldwide. The prognosis is adverse without a valve replacement. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has proven to be an effective treatment in high-surgical risk patients. Recent trials have highlighted the non-inferiority of TAVI compared with open surgery in patients with intermediate surgical risk. Case report: A 76-year-old man with severe aortic stenosis and intermediate surgical risk (STS-PROM 4.8%) who underwent TAVI with no complications. Results: Hospital discharge was decided five days after the procedure and continued outpatient follow-up. After two years remains in NYHA functional class I with a normofunctional percutaneous prosthesis. Conclusion: As this clinical case shows, TAVI has proven to be an effective treatment in patients with aortic stenosis and intermediate surgical risk. This is the first experience in this type of patients reported in our country.(AU)

Resumen: Antecedentes: La estenosis aórtica es la valvulopatía más común en todo el mundo. El pronóstico es sombrío sin reemplazo valvular. La implantación valvular aórtica transcatéter (TAVI) ha demostrado ser un tratamiento eficaz en pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico. Ensayos muy recientes destacaron la no-inferioridad de TAVI en comparación con la cirugía abierta en pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico intermedio. Caso clínico: Se presenta un hombre de 76 años de edad con estenosis aórtica severa y riesgo quirúrgico intermedio (STS-PROM 4.8%), al que se realiza TAVI sin complicaciones. Resultados: El alta hospitalaria se decide cinco días después del procedimiento para continuar el seguimiento ambulatorio. Después de dos años, el seguimiento permanece en la clase funcional I de la NYHA con una prótesis percutánea normofuncional. Conclusión: Como muestra este caso clínico, TAVI ha demostrado ser un tratamiento eficaz en pacientes de riesgo quirúrgico intermedio. Ésta es la primera experiencia en el uso de esta tecnología en este tipo de pacientes reportada en nuestro país.(AU)