Electroencephalographic Changes in Pregnant Women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum: A Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: Electroencephalogram (EEG), which is frequently used in the clinical practice of neurology, has also been investigated in eating disorders and some cortical dysfunctions have been reported. Based on this, we aimed to investigate EEG changes in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum (HEG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 66 pregnant women who applied to the Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The study group consisted of 34 pregnant women diagnosed with HEG. The control group consisted of 32 healthy pregnant women who were matched with the HEG group in terms of age and gestational week. EEGs of the participants were performed with a Micromed Brain Rapid EEG device in the Neurology Department of Umraniye Training and Research Hospital. In EEGs, all channels were selected as bipolar and samples of 18 channels (Fp2-F4, F4-C4, C4-P4, P4-O2, Fp2-F8, F8-T4, T4-T6, T6-O2, Fz-Cz, Cz-Pz, Fp1-F3, F3-C3, C3-P3, P3-O1, Fp1-F7, F7-T3, T3-T5, and T5-O1) were obtained. EEG signals were sampled with a sampling frequency of 200 Hz and digitized with 12-bit resolution. EEG signals were converted to EDF (European Data Format) extension files using the MATLAB software program and analyzed using statistical features on the time and frequency axis. HEG and control groups were compared in terms of signals obtained from these 18 selected channels. RESULTS: Both groups were similar in terms of mean age, gestational age, and parity (p>0.05). Among the 18 channels, significant changes were detected between the two groups only in the theta, beta, and gamma bands in the C4-P4 channel and the delta, beta, and gamma bands in the T4-T6 channel (p<0.05). No significant changes were detected in the channels and bands. CONCLUSION: Theta, beta, and gamma band abnormalities in the centro-parietal area of the right hemisphere and delta, beta, and gamma band abnormalities in the temporal area of the right hemisphere were observed on HEG. However, it is unclear whether abnormalities in EEG are primary changes responsible for the development of HEG or secondary to metabolic and hormonal changes resulting from HEG itself.

The correlation between the electroencephalographic spectral analysis and salivary cortisol rhythm in insomnia.

OBJECTIVE: Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that affects many adults either transiently or chronically. This study aimed to establish whether there is a relationship between the electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral analysis and salivary cortisol levels in insomnia and compared to healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control study included 15 insomnia patients and 15 healthy control subjects. Insomnia was determined according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders III diagnostic criteria. The EEG data were collected and processed with MATLAB software. Blood and salivary samples were taken for hematological and biochemical measurements. Salivary cortisol levels were calculated and compared statistically with the healthy group. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 46.5 ± 11 years. The salivary cortisol levels at 18:00 and 24:00 were found higher in the insomnia than in the healthy subjects (respectively, 0.12 (0.11) µg/dl, 0.07 (0.02) µg/dl). But this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the spectral analysis of patients between the frontal, central, and occipital channel (p > 0.05). However, in the correlation between the frontal channel spectral analysis and at the 24:00 salivary cortisol of patient and control group, DeltaGmax (p = 0.002), DeltaGmean (p = 0.019) and, in the correlation with 18:00 salivary cortisol DeltaGmax (p = 0.010), were positively correlated. CONCLUSION: In this study, no significant difference was found in spectral analysis and salivary cortisol levels in insomnia patients, but at 18:00 and 24:00, cortisol levels were correlated positively with theta and delta waves in EEG spectral analysis in some channels.

Investigation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) sub-types in children via EEG frequency domain analysis.

AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the frequency domain effects and changes in electroencephalography (EEG) signals in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study contains 40 children. All children were between the ages of 7 and 12 years. Participants were classified into four groups which were ADHD (n=20), ADHD-I (ADHD-Inattentive type) (n=10), ADHD-C (ADHD-Combined type) (n=10), and control (n=20) groups. In this study, the frequency domain of EEG signals for ADHD, subtypes and control groups were analyzed and compared using Matlab software. The mean age of the ADHD children's group was 8.7 years and the control group 9.1 years. RESULTS: Spectral analysis of mean power (µV2) and relative-mean power (%) was carried out for four different frequency bands: delta (0--4 Hz), theta (4--8 Hz), alpha (8--13 Hz) and beta (13--32 Hz). The ADHD and subtypes of ADHD-I, and ADHD-C groups had higher average power value of delta and theta band than that of control group. However, this is not the case for alpha and beta bands. Increases in delta/beta ratio and statistical significance were found only between ADHD-I and control group, and in delta/beta, theta/delta ratio statistical significance values were found to exist between ADHD-C and control group. CONCLUSION: EEG analyzes can be used as an alternative method when ADHD subgroups are identified.

The effects of hypercortisolism on the frequency and magnitude of sleep EEG waves in patients with Cushing syndrome: A spectral analysis study.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to investigate the effects of endogenous chronic hypercortisolism on sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and differences between the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent and independent Cushing Syndrome (CS) patients through a sleep spectral analysis program. METHODS: A total of 32 patients diagnosed as having endogenous CS (12 ACTH-dependent and 20 ACTH-independent) and a control group comprising 16 healthy individuals were included in the study. Polysomnographic analysis was performed. Blood samples were collected at 08:00 AM for analysis of ACTH and basal cortisol, and at 00:00 AM for midnight cortisol levels. The frequency and power of the slow wave activity (SWA), theta, alpha, and beta waves of the first and last non-rapid eye movement (NREM) cycles were measured with a spectral analysis program. RESULTS: The CS patient group had higher SWA power, especially in the first NREM cycle. In the ACTH-dependent group, SWA maximum and mean power values were higher in the frontal channels in the first NREM, compared to the last NREM sleep stage (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Cortisol has been found to be associated with SWA waves, making these waves higher in power, especially in the first NREM phase. This difference was much less pronounced in the final NREM sleep stage. The difference between the first and last NREM sleep stages with respect to the power of SWA in the frontal channel in the ACTH-dependent group suggests that not only cortisol but also high levels of ACTH affect the power of slow waves during sleep.

Evaluation of Two Types of Drug Treatment with QEEG in Children with ADHD.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to evalute the effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine treatments on electroencephalography (EEG) signals in volunteer children diagnosed with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD). METHODS: The study contained 40 children all of whom were between the ages of 7 and 17. The participants were classified into two groups as ADHD (n=20), which was in itself divided into two groups as ADHD-MPH (ADHD- Metylphenidate treatment) (n=10) and as ADHD-ATX (ADHD-Atomoxetin treatment) (n=10), and one control group (n=20). Following the first EEG recordings of the ADHD group, long-acting methylphenidate dose was applied to one ADHD group and atomoxetine dose was applied to the other ADHD group. The effect of optimal dosage is about for 4-6 weeks in general. Therefore, the response or lack of response to the treatment was evaluated three months after the beginning of the treatment.After methylphenidate and atomoxetine drug treatment, in order to obtain mean and maximum power values for delta, theta, alpha and beta band, the EEG data were analyzed. RESULTS: The EEG power spectrum densities in all the bands yielded similar findings in both methylphenidate and atomoxetine. Although statistically significant frequency values of the electrodes were amplitude and maximally varied, in general, they appeared mostly at both frontal and temporal regions for methylphenidate and atomoxetine. CONCLUSION: Especially, after atomoxetine treatment, Quantitative Electroencephalography (QEEG) rates at frontal area electrodes were found statistically more significant than methylphenidate QEEG rates. What has been researched in this study is not only whether QEEG is likely to support the diagnosis, but whether changes on QEEG by treatment may be related to the severity of ADHD as well.