Modified diffusive epidemic process on Apollonian networks.

We present an analysis of an epidemic spreading process on an Apollonian network that can describe an epidemic spreading in a non-sedentary population. We studied the modified diffusive epidemic process using the Monte Carlo method by computational analysis. Our model may be helpful for modeling systems closer to reality consisting of two classes of individuals: susceptible (A) and infected (B). The individuals can diffuse in a network according to constant diffusion rates [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], for the classes A and B, respectively, and obeying three diffusive regimes, i.e., [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. Into the same site i, the reaction occurs according to the dynamical rule based on Gillespie's algorithm. Finite-size scaling analysis has shown that our model exhibits continuous phase transition to an absorbing state with a set of critical exponents given by [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] familiar to every investigated regime. In summary, the continuous phase transition, characterized by this set of critical exponents, does not have the same exponents of the mean-field universality class in both regular lattices and complex networks.

Opinion Dynamics Systems on Barabási-Albert Networks: Biswas-Chatterjee-Sen Model.

A discrete version of opinion dynamics systems, based on the Biswas-Chatterjee-Sen (BChS) model, has been studied on Barabási-Albert networks (BANs). In this model, depending on a pre-defined noise parameter, the mutual affinities can assign either positive or negative values. By employing extensive computer simulations with Monte Carlo algorithms, allied with finite-size scaling hypothesis, second-order phase transitions have been observed. The corresponding critical noise and the usual ratios of the critical exponents have been computed, in the thermodynamic limit, as a function of the average connectivity. The effective dimension of the system, defined through a hyper-scaling relation, is close to one, and it turns out to be connectivity-independent. The results also indicate that the discrete BChS model has a similar behavior on directed Barabási-Albert networks (DBANs), as well as on Erdös-Rènyi random graphs (ERRGs) and directed ERRGs random graphs (DERRGs). However, unlike the model on ERRGs and DERRGs, which has the same critical behavior for the average connectivity going to infinity, the model on BANs is in a different universality class to its DBANs counterpart in the whole range of the studied connectivities.

Orthodontic-surgical treatment for a patient with Class II malocclusion and inadequate maxillary incisor inclination.

Dental health and patient satisfaction at the end of orthodontic treatment are needed if the treatment is to be considered successful. This case report highlights the importance of proper diagnosis for a patient initially treated with camouflage, despite the indications for surgery. A 16-year-old male patient sought treatment complaining about his appearance. He had been using an appliance for 6 years without improvement. He had a convex profile, an enlarged lower third of the face, reduced cervical-mandibular line, and Class II molar relationship. The maxillary incisors had excessive buccal root torque, throbbing pain, and dental mobility, with no visible bone coverage in the tomographic sections. The cephalometric analysis confirmed the skeletal Class II relationship (ANB, 11.6°; Wits appraisal, 14.2 mm) because of severe mandibular deficiency (SNB, 71.2°), aggravated by the vertical growth tendency (FMA, 27.3°). Changes in IMPA (108.1°) and U1-NA (0.9°; -2.9 mm) reflected the previous orthodontic attempt to compensate for the malocclusion. After periodontal and endodontic evaluation, a new treatment plan was developed. The incisors would be positioned in their bone bases, the mandibular first premolars would be extracted to create space for the second molars and increase the overjet, and the patient would be referred for orthognathic surgery. The patient was satisfied with the esthetic and functional results of this treatment.

Effect of polyvinylsiloxane material and impression handling on the accuracy of digital models.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of measurements on digital models obtained by scanning impressions 5, 10, and 15 days after they were made from 2 soft putty polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) materials. METHODS: Thirty volunteers were selected for making impressions of their dentitions with alginate to create a plaster model and with PVS impression material to create a digital model by laser scanning. Three examiners made the plaster model measurements with digital calipers and repeated these measurements on the digital models made from the scanned PVS impressions. A total of 34 distances were evaluated. Paired t tests were used to evaluate intraexaminer error and the accuracy of the digital model measurements. Measurement reproducibility and reliability among examiners were tested. RESULTS: Although statistically significant differences between measurements on plaster and digital models were found, these discrepancies were not clinically significant except for overbite. Both plaster and digital models had high intraclass correlation coefficient values. CONCLUSIONS: Digital models acquired by laser scanning of 2 types of soft putty PVS material may be used with clinically acceptable accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility, even at a postscanning interval of 15 days.

Cartesian three-dimensional method to quantify displacements between cone beam computed tomography models.

INTRODUCTION: Research in Orthodontics and Oral Surgery has been relying on three-dimensional (3D) models to evaluate treatment results with displacement color map techniques, even though it has important limitations. OBJECTIVES: This study proposed a method of tracking translational movements of 3D objects to evaluate displacements in surfaces with no shape modification. METHODS: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) data of ten patients were imported to the Dolphin software. A hypothetical virtual surgical plan (randomly defined) was developed in the software and afterwards verified using the proposed method. All the procedures were carried out by two evaluators, in two different time-points, with a 15-day interval. ITK-Snap software was used to generate high quality STL models. Centroid points were automatically generated and their coordinates were compared to confirm if they represented the known displacements simulated. The paired t-test and the Bland-Altman plots were used, as well as the intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Interexaminers and intra-examiner tests showed excellent reliability of the method, with mean displacement measurement error values under 0.1mm. The paired t-test did not show any statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: The method showed excellent reliability to track the simulated translational displacements of bone segments.

Evaluation of two stereophotogrametry software for 3D reconstruction of virtual facial models.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of 3D facial soft tissue virtual models produced by two photogrammetry softwares (AgiSoft Photoscan and 3DF Zephyr Free), when compared to those created by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: Ten patients were submitted to two sequences of photographs performed with a DSLR camera (with and without the aid of a ring flash) and CBCT scans. Each photo series for each patient was processed with the softwares, and at the end, five models of each patient were generated: 1) CBCT, 2) AAL (Agisoft Ambient Light), 3) AFL (Agisoft Flash Light), 4) ZAL (Zephyr Ambient Light), and 5) ZFL (Zephyr Flash Light). Color coded maps and root-mean-square (RMS) distances were used to compare the photogrammetry models to the CBCT ones. RESULTS: One sample t-test showed significant differences between all methods versus CBCT. The worst results were seen in the ZAL group (discrepancies up to 5.17mm), while the best results were produced by AAL group (discrepancies up to 2.11mm). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that this type of virtual facial models are reasonably accurate, although not perfect, and considering its lower biological and financial cost, they may play an important role in specific situations.

Accuracy and reproducibility of dental measurements on tomographic digital models: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of dental measurements obtained from digital study models generated from CBCT compared with those acquired from plaster models. METHODS: The electronic databases Cochrane Library, Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, VHL, Web of Science, and System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe were screened to identify articles from 1998 until February 2016. The inclusion criteria were: prospective and retrospective clinical trials in humans; validation and/or comparison articles of dental study models obtained from CBCT and plaster models; and articles that used dental linear measurements as an assessment tool. The methodological quality of the studies was carried out by Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. A meta-analysis was performed to validate all comparative measurements. RESULTS: The databases search identified a total of 3160 items and 554 duplicates were excluded. After reading titles and abstracts, 12 articles were selected. Five articles were included after reading in full. The methodological quality obtained through QUADAS-2 was poor to moderate. In the meta-analysis, there were statistical differences between the mesiodistal widths of mandibular incisors, maxillary canines and premolars, and overall Bolton analysis. Therefore, the measurements considered accurate were maxillary and mandibular crowding, intermolar width and mesiodistal width of maxillary incisors, mandibular canines and premolars, in both arches for molars. CONCLUSIONS: Digital models obtained from CBCT were not accurate for all measures assessed. The differences were clinically acceptable for all dental linear measurements, except for maxillary arch perimeter. Digital models are reproducible for all measurements when intraexaminer assessment is considered and need improvement in interexaminer evaluation.

Evaluation of two stereophotogrametry software for 3D reconstruction of virtual facial models

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of 3D facial soft tissue virtual models produced by two photogrammetry softwares (AgiSoft Photoscan and 3DF Zephyr Free), when compared to those created by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Ten patients were submitted to two sequences of photographs performed with a DSLR camera (with and without the aid of a ring flash) and CBCT scans. Each photo series for each patient was processed with the softwares, and at the end, five models of each patient were generated: 1) CBCT, 2) AAL (Agisoft Ambient Light), 3) AFL (Agisoft Flash Light), 4) ZAL (Zephyr Ambient Light), and 5) ZFL (Zephyr Flash Light). Color coded maps and root-mean-square (RMS) distances were used to compare the photogrammetry models to the CBCT ones. Results: One sample t-test showed significant differences between all methods versus CBCT. The worst results were seen in the ZAL group (discrepancies up to 5.17mm), while the best results were produced by AAL group (discrepancies up to 2.11mm). Conclusions: It can be concluded that this type of virtual facial models are reasonably accurate, although not perfect, and considering its lower biological and financial cost, they may play an important role in specific situations.

RESUMO Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a acurácia de modelos virtuais 3D de tecidos moles faciais produzidos por dois softwares de fotogrametria (AgiSoft Photoscan e 3DF Zephyr Free), em comparação aos gerados por tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). Métodos: Dez pacientes foram submetidos a duas sequências de fotografias realizadas com câmera DSLR (com e sem auxílio de ring flash) e a TCFC. Cada série de fotografias de cada paciente foi processada com os softwares e, ao fim, foram gerados cinco modelos de cada paciente: 1) TCFC; 2) AAL (Agisoft Ambient Lighting); 3) AFL (Agisoft Flash Light); 4) ZAL (Zephyr Ambient Lighting); e 5) ZFL (Zephyr Flash Light). Mapas codificados por cores e distâncias quadráticas médias (RMS) foram usados para comparar os modelos de fotogrametria com os de TCFC. Resultados: O teste t para uma amostra mostrou diferenças significativas entre todos os métodos versus a TCFC. Os piores resultados foram observados no grupo ZAL (discrepâncias de até 5,17 mm), enquanto os melhores resultados foram produzidos pelo grupo AAL (discrepâncias de até 2,11 mm). Conclusões: Pode-se concluir que esse tipo de modelos faciais virtuais é razoavelmente preciso, embora não sejam perfeitos; e, considerando-se seu menor custo biológico e financeiro, podem desempenhar um papel importante em situações específicas.

Cartesian three-dimensional method to quantify displacements between cone beam computed tomography models

ABSTRACT Introduction: Research in Orthodontics and Oral Surgery has been relying on three-dimensional (3D) models to evaluate treatment results with displacement color map techniques, even though it has important limitations. Objectives: This study proposed a method of tracking translational movements of 3D objects to evaluate displacements in surfaces with no shape modification. Methods: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) data of ten patients were imported to the Dolphin software. A hypothetical virtual surgical plan (randomly defined) was developed in the software and afterwards verified using the proposed method. All the procedures were carried out by two evaluators, in two different time-points, with a 15-day interval. ITK-Snap software was used to generate high quality STL models. Centroid points were automatically generated and their coordinates were compared to confirm if they represented the known displacements simulated. The paired t-test and the Bland-Altman plots were used, as well as the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: Interexaminers and intra-examiner tests showed excellent reliability of the method, with mean displacement measurement error values under 0.1mm. The paired t-test did not show any statistically significant differences. Conclusion: The method showed excellent reliability to track the simulated translational displacements of bone segments.

RESUMO Introdução: Grande parte das pesquisas em Ortodontia e Cirurgia Oral tem utilizado modelos tridimensionais e realizado avaliações por meio de mapa de cores de deslocamento, apesar das limitações existentes. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo propor um método de rastreamento de movimentos translacionais de objetos 3D, para avaliar deslocamentos em superfícies sem modificação de forma. Métodos: Dez adultos que seriam submetidos à cirurgia ortognática tiveram suas tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico pré-cirúrgicas importadas para o software Dolphin. Um plano cirúrgico virtual hipotético com deslocamentos conhecidos foi desenvolvido e posteriormente verificado pelo método proposto. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados por dois avaliadores, em dois momentos diferentes, com intervalo de 15 dias. O software ITK-Snap foi usado para gerar modelos STL de alta qualidade dos ossos do paciente. Os pontos do centroide foram gerados automaticamente, e suas coordenadas foram comparadas, para confirmar se representavam os deslocamentos conhecidos simulados. Para análise estatística, foram usados teste t pareado, coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e os gráficos de Bland-Altman. Resultados: O teste inter e intraexaminadores mostrou boa confiabilidade do método, com valores médios abaixo de 0,1mm para os erros de medida de deslocamento. Conclusão: O método mostrou boa confiabilidade para avaliar o deslocamento de segmentos ósseos após cirurgia ortognática, devendo ser aplicado como uma ferramenta completa de avaliação verdadeiramente tridimensional.

Acurácia de modelos ortodônticos por escaneamento a laser, luz estruturada e tomografia computadorizada / Accuracy of orthodontic models scanned by laser, structured light, and computed tomography

Introdução: com a crescente utilização dos modelos digitais em Ortodontia, aumenta também a necessidade de se conhecer as opções disponíveis para sua obtenção. Atualmente, a alternativa mais utilizada é o escaneamento de modelos de gesso, que pode ser realizado em scanners a laser, por luz estruturada ou por tomografia computadorizada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, através de uma análise por sobreposição de modelos digitais, a acurácia dos modelos digitais gerados por estes três métodos de escaneamento e a influência de dois diferentes níveis de resolução de escaneamento. Material e métodos: 30 pares de modelos de gesso foram escaneados utilizando as três tecnologias. O escaneamento por luz estruturada foi realizado com duas configurações do nível de resolução: máxima e padrão. Os modelos digitais gerados foram sobrepostos e as diferenças entre as superfícies foram calculadas. Mapas de cores foram utilizados para evidenciar as discrepâncias entre os modelos. Resultados: para todos os parâmetros avaliados, foram obtidas diferenças estatisticamente significantes. As diferenças entre os modelos escaneados a laser e por luz estruturada foram menores, o que sugere maior similaridade entre eles. Conclusão: as diferenças encontradas entre os modelos digitais obtidos pelas três tecnologias de escaneamento estudadas foram estatisticamente significantes. No entanto, por serem muito pequenas quantitativamente, não foram consideradas clinicamente significantes. Não houve diferença entre os dois níveis de resolução estudados, portanto, os três métodos de escaneamento avaliados possuem uma acurácia clinicamente aceitável para ser utilizado em Ortodontia.

Introduction: the increasing use of digital models in orthodontics demands knowledge of the available options for their acquisition. Currently, the most used option is the plaster model scanning, which can be made by laser, structured light and computed tomography scanners. The aim of this study was to evaluate, by a model superimposition analysis, the accuracy of digital models acquired by these three scanning methods and the influence of two different resolution levels of scanning. Methods: thirty pairs of plaster models were scanned using three different scanning technologies: laser, structured light and computed tomography. The structured light scanning was performed using two different resolution levels: maximum and standard. The respective digital models were superimposed and their mean differences were compared using color maps by Geomagic Qualify software. Results: for all parameters studied, statistically significant differences were found. Lower differences were presented between models scanned by laser and structured light techniques, which suggests a higher similarity between them. Conclusion: the differences found between digital models obtained by the three scanning technologies were statistically significant. However, they were quantitatively very small, which was considered clinically insignificant. There was no difference between the two resolution levels of scanning studied. Therefore the three scanning methods studied presented accuracy clinically acceptable to be used in orthodontics.

Perfil epidemiológico de idosos frequentadores de grupos de convivência no município de Iguatu, Ceará / Epidemiologic profile of elderly members of community groups of community groups in the city of Iguatu, Ceará

O envelhecimento da população brasileira nas últimas décadas propiciou a criação e efetivação de políticas públicas voltadas para a garantia dos direitos sociais da pessoa idosa. Tornaram-se crescentes as necessidades de implantar estratégias que propiciem autonomia, integração social e qualidade de vida para este grupo etário. O presente estudo objetivou descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos idosos que participam de grupos sociais da terceira idade do Município de Iguatu - CE. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi composta por 65 idosos participantes de dois grupos de convivência do município. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de fevereiro e março de 2009. Os resultados apontaram que a idade média dos entrevistados foi de 69,8 anos (±6,62), 59(90,8%) eram mulheres, 29 (44,6%) eram viúvos e 26(40%) idosos possuíam entre 4 e 7 anos de estudo. 47,7% (n=31) sustentavam sozinhos suas residências; 70,7% (n= 46) revelaram não ter vida sexual ativa; 84,6% (n=55) participavam de outras atividades de lazer extra-grupo; 7,7% (n=05) eram fumantes e 9,2% (n=06) faziam uso de bebida alcoólica. 90,8% (n=59) realizavam um ou mais tipos de exercício físico e 53,8% (n=35) avaliaram sua saúde como regular. Conclui-se que a participação em grupos de convivência permite que a pessoa idosa se mantenha ativa e incluída nas atividades sociais, promovendo troca de experiências e melhorando sua autoestima e qualidade de vida