RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: CADASIL is an autosomal dominant arteriopathy, characterized by multiple brain infarcts, cognitive decline, and finally dementia, which is caused by mutations in Notch3 gene encoding a Notch3 receptor protein. We describe the clinical, neuropsychological, imaging, genetic, and skin biopsy findings in a CADASIL patient homozygous for the C475T mutation resulting in R133C amino acid substitution, in comparison to 9 age-matched heterozygous patients with the same mutation. METHODS: The patients were examined clinically and neuropsychologically and with MRI and positron emission tomography for assessment of cerebral blood flow. The gene defect was analyzed by sequencing the products of polymerase chain reaction of exons 3 and 4 of the Notch3 gene. Dermal arteries were analyzed electron microscopically. RESULTS: The homozygous patient had his first-ever stroke at age 28 years. This is markedly earlier than the average, but the patient's heterozygous son had his first transient ischemic attack-like episode at the same age and another heterozygous patient had his first-ever stroke when only 2 years older. He was neuropsychologically more severely deteriorated than all but 1 of the heterozygous patients. These 2 patients had the most severe (confluent grade D) white matter MRI changes. Positron emission tomography showed markedly reduced cerebral blood flow. Skin biopsy revealed profuse deposits of granular osmiophilic material. The progression of disease in the homozygous case was, however, slower than in the most severely affected heterozygous patient. CONCLUSIONS: Our homozygous patient's phenotype is within the clinical spectrum of CADASIL, although at its severe end. Thus, CADASIL may follow the classic definition of a dominant disease, according to which the heterozygous and homozygous patients are clinically indistinguishable.
Assuntos
Demência por Múltiplos Infartos/diagnóstico , Demência por Múltiplos Infartos/genética , Homozigoto , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Receptores de Superfície Celular , Adulto , Artérias/patologia , Artérias/ultraestrutura , Biópsia , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/genética , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/patologia , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Finlândia , Genes Dominantes , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Linhagem , Receptor Notch3 , Receptores Notch , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Pele/irrigação sanguínea , Pele/patologia , Tomografia Computadorizada de EmissãoRESUMO
Long-term effects of tacrine (THA) on cognitive functions of very mild AD patients were studied. The stability of possible positive changes following prolonged treatment and the effect of increased dose was also studied. Three patients were treated with tacrine (80 mg/day) and the effect on cognitive functions was measured with a neuropsychological test battery. Two of the patients (Pats 1 and 4) showed clear positive changes in all parameters measured. The third patient (Pat 5) did not show as clear positive responses. The effect of the initial treatment dose diminished over time. After raising the dose two of the patients showed improvement in cognitive tests reaching their initial level of performance or even better in most of the tests. This positive effect was not as clear in patient 5. After 13 months of tacrine all patients still showed positive changes in some of the tests. Compared to a hypothetical progression curve for untreated AD patients the patients treated with tacrine seemed to have slower progression. In conclusion, it seems that long-term positive effects on cognitive functions of AD patients can be reached with tacrine and it seems to be possible to slow down the progression of the disease. However, to reach long-term positive effects increasing doses seem to be needed. AD patients seem to differ in their response to tacrine.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Tacrina/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tacrina/administração & dosagem , Tacrina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Three patients with Alzheimer's disease, a 68-year-old woman with mild dementia and 2 men (aged 64 and 72 years) with moderate dementia were treated orally with the cholinesterase inhibitor tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine), 80 mg daily, for several months. The patients were investigated using positron emission tomography (PET) prior to, and after 3 weeks and 3 months of treatment. The PET studies involved a multi-tracer system consisting of [18F]-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (18F-FDG) (tracer for glucose metabolism); 11C-butanol (cerebral blood flow) and (S)(-)- and (R)(+)-[N-11C-methyl]-nicotine (nicotinic receptors; cholinergic neural activity). Tacrine treatment increased the uptake of 11C-nicotine to the brain. Significant reduced difference in uptake between the two enantiomers (S)(-)- and (R)(+)11C-nicotine was observed in the frontal and temporal cortices after tacrine treatment in all three patients. The kinetic analysis indicated increased binding of (S)(-)11C-nicotine in brain compatible with a restoration of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. The most pronounced effect was observed after 3 weeks and 3 months treatment in the patient with mild dementia. An increase in cerebral glucose utilization was found in the 68-year-old patient with mild dementia but also slightly in the 64-year-old man with moderate dementia when treated with tacrine for 3 months. Tacrine administration did not affect cerebral blood flow. The PET data obtained after 3 weeks of tacrine treatment was paralleled by improvement in neuropsychological performance. This study shows in vivo by PET neurochemical effects induced in brain by treatment with tacrine to Alzheimer patients. Intervention with tacrine in the early course of the disease might be necessary for clinical improvement.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Glucose/metabolismo , Receptores Nicotínicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Tacrina/farmacologia , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Transtornos Cognitivos/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Cognitivos/psicologia , Desoxiglucose/análogos & derivados , Desoxiglucose/metabolismo , Feminino , Fluordesoxiglucose F18 , Glucose/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Humanos , Cinética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tomografia Computadorizada de EmissãoRESUMO
We report on the clinical outcome of a first case of intracranial infusion of nerve growth factor (NGF) to an Alzheimer patient. The therapeutic attempt is based on animal research showing that NGF stimulates central cholinergic neurons of the type known to be lost during the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, our own previous clinical experience of infusing NGF to support the survival of intracranially transplanted adrenal chromaffin cells to Parkinsonian patients indicate this approach to be technically possible and safe and clinically of significant potential. Our first case was a 69-year-old woman, with symptoms of dementia since 8 years. Intraventricular infusion of 6.6 mg NGF over three months resulted in a marked transient increase in uptake and binding of [11C]nicotine in frontal and temporal cortex and a persistent increase in cortical blood flow as measured by PET as well as progressive decreases of slow wave EEG activity. After one month of NGF infusion, tests of verbal episodic memory were improved whereas other cognitive tests were not. No adverse effects of the NGF infusion were found. The results of this single case indicate that NGF may counteract cholinergic deficits in AD, and suggest that further clinical trials of NGF infusion in AD are warranted.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/terapia , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/fisiopatologia , Biópsia , Córtex Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Eletroencefalografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Bombas de Infusão Implantáveis , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/fisiologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Tomografia Computadorizada de EmissãoRESUMO
Quantitative EEG is a potentially useful tool in demonstrating the effects of treatments with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors on the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In order to define the profile of EEG changes during tacrine long-term treatment, for 12 months we followed 15 AD patients receiving an optimal individually tolerable dose. After 3 months theta global field power (GFP) was significantly reduced, and after 6 months both theta and delta GFP decreased. Theta GFP was still reduced after 12 months of treatment when compared to the baseline. Significant decreases in fast activities of beta 1 and beta 2 GFP were also observed. The untreated reference group (n = 10) did not show any significant changes in GFP after 12 months follow-up, although generators of theta activity had a significant shift towards posterior regions. These findings suggest that slowing in fast EEG frequencies during chronic treatment with AChE inhibitors may provide an early indicator of declining treatment efficiency.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/fisiopatologia , Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Eletroencefalografia , Tacrina/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Ritmo beta/efeitos dos fármacos , Ritmo Delta/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ritmo Teta/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Odor sensitivity and identification were examined in normal aging and early Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aims were to investigate AD as associated with lower odor sensitivity, odor identification as a function of retrieval support, and the relationship between global cognitive functioning (Mini-Mental State Exam [MMSE]; M. F. Folstein, S. E. Folstein, & P. R. McHugh, 1975) and olfactory performance. Results indicated intact odor sensitivity but deficient odor identification in AD. Both groups benefited from cues in identification, and the size of the gains was equally large in AD patients and controls. The finding of no selective benefit from retrieval support in AD suggests that a degradation of olfactory knowledge contributes to the odor identification deficits in these patients. MMSE and identification were positively related, whereas MMSE and olfactory sensitivity were unrelated. These findings suggest that the AD-related olfactory impairment stems from lesions in cortical rather than peripheral structures.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/complicações , Doença de Alzheimer/fisiopatologia , Córtex Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Transtornos da Percepção/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Percepção/etiologia , Olfato/fisiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Semântica , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaAssuntos
Infarto Encefálico/etiologia , Demência por Múltiplos Infartos/etiologia , Doenças Arteriais Intracranianas/complicações , Demência por Múltiplos Infartos/diagnóstico , Demência por Múltiplos Infartos/genética , Demência por Múltiplos Infartos/patologia , Humanos , Doenças Arteriais Intracranianas/diagnóstico , Doenças Arteriais Intracranianas/genética , Doenças Arteriais Intracranianas/patologiaRESUMO
Neuropsychological performance was investigated in 36 presenile patients with Alzheimer's disease and 35 patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type by using Luria's test methods. The most deteriorated performances in both groups were in memory, intellectual, higher visual and motor functions, and in orientation. The neuropsychological functions deteriorated gradually in the course of the disease process so that the shape of the performance profile was preserved. The progression of the disease seemed to be more rapid in senile patients but neuropsychologically there were no significant differences between Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of Alzheimer type. They seemed to form a continuum of one disease. Luria's neuropsychological investigation turned out to be a useful method in the assessment of at least moderate to severe dementia.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Demência/psicologia , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/fisiopatologia , Demência/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes PsicológicosRESUMO
A proportion of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients treated for several months with cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors have shown some favorable response on cognition, but the characteristics of the responders are still unclear. This study attempts to identify the characteristics of individuals with a positive behavioral response after a double-blind randomized administration of a single oral dose of tacrine (40 mg) and placebo to AD patients. Furthermore, the relationship between single-dose and long-term responders are examined. Twenty-four mildly to very mildly demented AD patients participated in the study. They all fulfilled the diagnosis of probable AD according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Active treatment (tacrine 40 mg) and placebo was administered in random order on 2 consecutive days, and the effects were evaluated within 2 h using neuropsychological tests (assessing visuospatial ability, episodic memory and attention), registration of EEG activity and measurement of red blood cells (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE), ChE activity and concentrations of tacrine and its metabolites in plasma. Results demonstrated significant improvement, tacrine compared to placebo, in measures of attention, but not in episodic memory or visuospatial ability. A single-dose response was therefore defined in terms of improvement in attention. The tacrine plasma concentration (pcTHA) showed a positively skewed distribution (mean +/- SD: 10.5 +/- 11.8, range: 1.0-51.8 ng/ml). There were no significant differences between single-dose responders compared to nonresponders in pcTHA, metabolites of tacrine, inhibition of AChE in RBC, tau levels in CSF, AChE activity in CSF or plasma and demographic variables. However, single-dose responders showed a higher right frontal alpha/theta ratio on EEG and had lower glucose metabolism in the parietal-temporal association cortex at baseline. In addition, the frequency of apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon 4 alleles was higher in responders. Interestingly, the single-dose response was related to the long-term response, although not significantly, which probably was due to lack of power. To conclude, the present study identified single-dose responders in terms of improved attentional performance associated with a relatively higher alpha/theta activity in the right frontal regions of the brain measured on EEG and predominance of APOE epsilon 4 allele.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Apolipoproteínas E/metabolismo , Atenção/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Tacrina/uso terapêutico , Acetilcolina/sangue , Acetilcolina/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Administração Oral , Idoso , Alelos , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Apolipoproteína E4 , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Inibidores da Colinesterase/administração & dosagem , Inibidores da Colinesterase/metabolismo , Cognição , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Tacrina/administração & dosagem , Tacrina/metabolismo , Tomografia Computadorizada de EmissãoRESUMO
Positron emission tomography of the brain following intravenous injection of (+) (R) and (-) (S) N-[11C-methyl]nicotine showed a marked reduced uptake of both isomers, especially the (R) form, in Alzheimer patients as compared to age-matched controls. The significantly larger difference between the uptake values of the (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of 11C-nicotine in Azheimer brains may be of diagnostic value.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Nicotina/farmacocinética , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Radioisótopos de Carbono , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estereoisomerismo , Tomografia Computadorizada de EmissãoRESUMO
Based on animal research suggesting that nerve growth factor (NGF) can stimulate central cholinergic neurons, the known losses of cholinergic innervation of the cortices in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and our experience of infusing NGF to support adrenal grafts in parkinsonian patients, we have initiated clinical trials of NGF infusions into the brain of patients with AD. Here we report a follow-up of our first case, a 69-year-old woman, with symptoms of dementia since 8 years. Intraventricular infusion of 6.6 mg NGF during three months resulted in a marked transient increase in uptake and binding of 11C-nicotine in frontal and temporal cortex and a persistent increase in cortical blood flow as measured by PET as well as progressive decreases of slow wave EEG activity. After one month of NGF, tests of verbal episodic memory were improved whereas other cognitive tests were not. No adverse effects could be ascribed to the NGF infusion. Taken together, the results of this case study indicate that NGF may counteract cholinergic deficits in AD, and suggest that further clinical trials of NGF infusion in AD are warranted.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/fisiopatologia , Circulação Cerebrovascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Eletroencefalografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/farmacologia , Nicotina/metabolismo , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Butanóis , Radioisótopos de Carbono , Córtex Cerebral/irrigação sanguínea , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Injeções Intraventriculares , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/administração & dosagem , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/metabolismo , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos , Lobo Temporal/irrigação sanguínea , Lobo Temporal/metabolismo , Tomografia Computadorizada de EmissãoRESUMO
The effect of long-term treatment with tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine) was studied in three Alzheimer patients (aged 57, 64, and 68 years) with mild dementia. All three patients had a Mini-Mental State Examination score of 24/30 and carried at least one apolipoprotein E (ApoE) epsilon4 allele. Tacrine was given in doses between 80 and to 160 mg daily for 13-31 months. A lower tacrine concentration was observed generally in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compared with plasma. The acetylcholinesterase activity in CSF tended to be increased following longer periods of tacrine treatment, whereas the butyrylcholinesterase activity was decreased. The three patients repeatedly underwent positron emission tomography investigation of cerebral blood flow, nicotinic receptors, cerebral glucose metabolism, and electroencephalogram (EEG) and cognitive tests. Positive influences on these parameters were observed following both short-term and long-term treatment with tacrine. Improvement of nicotinic receptors (measured as 11C-nicotine binding), cerebral blood flow, EEG, and some cognitive tests (trail making test, block design test) occurred earlier after initiation of tacrine treatment compared with the glucose metabolism, which was increased after several months of tacrine treatment. An improvement in attention (trail making test) was observed following tacrine as sign for frontal lobe activation (EEG). The functional effects of tacrine in Alzheimer patients appeared to be related to both dose and length of cholinesterase inhibitor treatment.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Glicemia/metabolismo , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Transtornos Cognitivos/tratamento farmacológico , Eletroencefalografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Nootrópicos/administração & dosagem , Receptores Nicotínicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Tacrina/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , Assistência de Longa Duração , Entrevista Psiquiátrica Padronizada , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nootrópicos/efeitos adversos , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional/efeitos dos fármacos , Tacrina/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) begins with migraine with aura in approximately one-third of the patients. More severe symptoms of recurrent strokes usually appear at 30-50 years of age. However, well before the first stroke, CADASIL may be diagnosed on the basis of characteristic hyperintensities in T2-weighted magnetic resonance images. Multiple lacunar infarcts located mainly in the basal ganglia and frontal white matter lead to a cognitive decline and finally to dementia. These infarcts result from a thickening and fibrosis of the walls of the small and medium-sized penetrating arteries with consequent obliteration and/or thrombosis. Although the symptoms are almost exclusively neurological, the arteriopathy is generalized. Thus, basophilic, periodic acid-Schiff-positive and, in electron microscopy, osmiophilic material accumulates between degenerating smooth muscle cells. This occurs even in dermal arteries, which renders skin a useful target for diagnostic biopsy. Presently, no specific therapy is available. CADASIL is caused by missense point mutations in the Notch3 gene, which encodes a transmembrane receptor protein. Each gene defect leads to either a gain or loss of a cysteine residue in the extracellular, N-terminal domain of the molecule, which most probably results in conformational alteration. The function of Notch3 in adults and the pathogenesis of CADASIL are still unknown.
Assuntos
Doenças Arteriais Cerebrais/genética , Doenças Arteriais Cerebrais/patologia , Infarto Cerebral/genética , Infarto Cerebral/patologia , Demência/genética , Demência/patologia , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/genética , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/patologia , Humanos , SíndromeRESUMO
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is important for the survival and maintenance of central cholinergic neurons, a signalling system impaired in Alzheimer's disease. We have treated 3 patients with Alzheimer's disease with a total of 6.6 mg NGF administered continuously into the lateral cerebral ventricle for 3 months in the first 2 patients and a total of 0.55 mg for 3 shorter periods in the third patient. The patients were extensively evaluated with clinical, neuropsychological, neurophysiological and neuroradiological techniques. Three months after the NGF treatment ended, a significant increase in nicotine binding was found in several brain areas in the first 2 patients and in the hippocampus in the third patient as studied by positron emission tomography. A clear cognitive amelioration could not be demonstrated, although a few neuropsychology tests showed slight improvements. The amount of slow-wave cortical activity as studied by electroencephalography was reduced in the first 2 patients. Two negative side effects occurred with NGF treatment: first, a dull, constant back pain was observed in all 3 patients, which in 1 patient was aggravated by axial loading resulting in sharp, shooting pain of short duration. When stopping the NGF infusion, the pain disappeared within a couple of days. Reducing the dose of NGF lessened the pain. Secondly, a marked weight reduction during the infusion with a clear weight gain after ending the infusion was seen in the first 2 patients. We conclude from this limited trial that, while long-term intracerebroventricular NGF administration may cause certain potentially beneficial effects, the intraventricular route of administration is also associated with negative side effects that appear to outweigh the positive effects of the present protocol. Alternative routes of administration, and/or lower doses of NGF, perhaps combined with low doses of other neurotrophic factors, may shift this balance in favor of positive effects.