Fate and transport of fragmented and spherical microplastics in saturated gravel and quartz sand.

Microplastics in urban runoff undergo rapid fragmentation and accumulate in the soil, potentially endangering shallow groundwater. To improve the understanding of microplastic transport in groundwater, column experiments were performed to compare the transport behavior of fragmented microplastics (FMPs ∼1-µm diameter) and spherical microplastics (SMPs ∼1-, 10-, and 20-µm diameter) in natural gravel (medium and fine) and quartz sand (coarse and medium). Polystyrene microspheres were physically abraded with glass beads to mimic the rapid fragmentation process. The experiments were conducted at a constant flow rate of 1.50 m day-1 by injecting two pore volumes of SMPs and FMPs. Key findings indicate that SMPs showed higher breakthrough, compared to FMPs in natural gravel, possibly due to size exclusion of the larger SMPs. Interestingly, FMPs exhibited higher breakthrough in quartz sand, likely due to tumbling and their tendency to align with flow paths, while both sizes (larger and smaller relative to FMPs) of SMPs exhibited higher removal in quartz sand. Therefore, an effect due to shape and size was observed.

Assessing the impact of inland navigation on the faecal pollution status of large rivers: A novel integrated field approach.

The contribution of ships to the microbial faecal pollution status of water bodies is largely unknown but frequently of human health concern. No methodology for a comprehensive and target-orientated system analysis was available so far. We developed a novel approach for integrated and multistage impact evaluation. The approach includes, i) theoretical faecal pollution source profiling (PSP, i.e., size and pollution capacity estimation from municipal vs. ship sewage disposal) for impact scenario estimation and hypothesis generation, ii) high-resolution field assessment of faecal pollution levels and chemo-physical water quality at the selected river reaches, using standardized faecal indicators (cultivation-based) and genetic microbial source tracking markers (qPCR-based), and iii) integrated statistical analyses of the observed faecal pollution and the number of ships assessed by satellite-based automated ship tracking (i.e., automated identification system, AIS) at local and regional scales. The new approach was realised at a 230 km long Danube River reach in Austria, enabling detailed understanding of the complex pollution characteristics (i.e., longitudinal/cross-sectional river and upstream/downstream docking area analysis). Faecal impact of navigation was demonstrated to be remarkably low at regional and local scale (despite a high local contamination capacity), indicating predominantly correct disposal practices during the investigated period. Nonetheless, faecal emissions were sensitively traceable, attributable to the ship category (discriminated types: cruise, passenger and freight ships) and individual vessels (docking time analysis) at one docking area by the link with AIS data. The new innovative and sensitive approach is transferrable to any water body worldwide with available ship-tracking data, supporting target-orientated monitoring and evidence-based management practices.

A recommended preclinical extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation model for neurological outcomes: A scoping review.

Background: Despite the high prevalence of neurological complications and mortality associated with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), neurologically-focused animal models are scarce. Our objective is to review current ECPR models investigating neurological outcomes and identify key elements for a recommended model. Methods: We searched PubMed and four other engines for animal ECPR studies examining neurological outcomes. Inclusion criteria were: animals experiencing cardiac arrest, ECPR/ECMO interventions, comparisons of short versus long cardiac arrest times, and neurological outcomes. Results: Among 20 identified ECPR animal studies (n = 442), 13 pigs, 4 dogs, and 3 rats were used. Only 10% (2/20) included both sexes. Significant heterogeneity was observed in experimental protocols. 90% (18/20) employed peripheral VA-ECMO cannulation and 55% (11/20) were survival models (median survival = 168 hours; ECMO duration = 60 minutes). Ventricular fibrillation (18/20, 90%) was the most common method for inducing cardiac arrest with a median duration of 15 minutes (IQR = 6-20). In two studies, cardiac arrests exceeding 15 minutes led to considerable mortality and neurological impairment. Among seven studies utilizing neuromonitoring tools, only four employed multimodal devices to evaluate cerebral blood flow using Transcranial Doppler ultrasound and near-infrared spectroscopy, brain tissue oxygenation, and intracranial pressure. None examined cerebral autoregulation or neurovascular coupling. Conclusions: The substantial heterogeneity in ECPR preclinical model protocols leads to limited reproducibility and multiple challenges. The recommended model includes large animals with both sexes, standardized pre-operative protocols, a cardiac arrest time between 10-15 minutes, use of multimodal methods to evaluate neurological outcomes, and the ability to survive animals after conducting experiments.