Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Detection of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Using CuO/Nafion/GCE: A Practical Sensor for Environmental Toxicants.

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6 TCP) is one of the hazardous toxicants, which has severe impacts on the environment and human health. This study is designed to develop a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on CuO nanostructures for the detection of 2,4,6 TCP. The CuO nanostructures were synthesized through an aqueous chemical growth method and characterized by versatile analytical techniques, for example, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. The characterization tools revealed a high crystalline nature, exceptional phase purity, nanoball morphology with an average size of around 18.7 nm for the CuO nanostructures. The synthesized material was used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with the help of Nafion as a binder to improve its efficiency and sensitivity. The CuO/Nafion/GCE was proven to be a potential sensor for the determination of 2,4,6 TCP under optimized conditions at a scan rate of 70 mV/s, potential range of 0.1-1.0 V, and phosphate buffer of neutral pH as the supporting electrolyte. The linear range for 2,4,6 TCP was set from (1 to 120 µM) with a low limit of detection value calculated to be 0.046 µM. The developed sensor was effectively applied for water samples with acceptable recovery values from 95.9 to 100.6%.

Pharmacogenomic approaches in the treatment of breast cancer by tamoxifen.

Breast cancer (BC) is a highly diverse complaint rather than sole disease consisting of several markers linked to typical features of tissues, medical assessment and reaction to treatment. Mutation in RAS/MEK/ERK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway is involved in pathogenesis of BC. Application of pharmacogenomics will lead to individualization of therapy, which is totally contrast to nowadays clinical practice, in which drug's effects are studied on large group of patient regardless of their genetic based difference. The genetic differences in persons affect the therapeutic action and concentration of Tamoxifen in each individual. Therefore, it is, concluded to choose best drug regimen for each patient on individual basis and to circumvent the patient by toxic effect of drug.

Facile Synthesis of NiO/ZnO nanocomposite as an effective platform for electrochemical determination of carbamazepine.

The pharmaceutical science demand for sustainable and selective electrochemical sensors which exhibit ultrasensitive capabilities for the monitoring of different drugs. In an attempt to build a useful electrochemical sensor, we describe a most efficient method for the fabrication of NiO/ZnO nanocomposite through aqueous chemical growth method. The successfully synthesized NiO/ZnO nanocomposite is successfully employed to modify a glassy carbon electrode in order to build a sensitive and reliable electrochemical sensor for the detection of carbamazepine (CBZ), an anticonvulsant drug. The morphological texture, functionalities and crystalline structure of prepared nanocomposite were determined via FTIR, XRD, EDX, TEM, and SEM analysis. In order to examine the charge transfer kinetics, the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to exploit the electrochemical properties of the synthesized nanocomposite. The NiO/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited excellent electron transfer kinetics and less resistive behavior than the individual NiO and ZnO nanoparticles. The differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry tools were used for the fluent determination of CBZ. Certain parameters were optimized to develop an effective method including optimum scan rate 60 mV/s, potential range from 0.4 to 1.4 V and BRB as supporting electrolyte with pH 3. The developed sensor showed exceptional response for CBZ under the linear dynamic range from 5 to 100 µM. The limit of detection of proposed NiO/ZnO sensor for the CBZ was calculated to be 0.08 µM. The analytical approach of prepared electrochemical sensor was investigated in different pharmaceutical formulation with acceptable percent recoveries ranging from 96.7 to 98.6%.

Plant extract-based green fabrication of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles: An operative platform for non-enzymatic determination of pentachlorophenol.

Environmental pollution has become a major human concern with the extensive exploitation of pesticides. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is the most hazardous of all chlorophenols which are being used as pesticide, fungicide, and wood preservative. Thus, the fabrication of ultrasensitive electrochemical methods for the determination of pesticides is of great significance. In the present experiment, a simple, green, and sensitive electrochemical sensor was constructed for the determination of PCP by using a chemically modified nickel ferrite glassy carbon electrode (NiFe2O4/GCE). The fabricated nanoparticles were primarily characterized by several analytical tools to confirm the functionalities, surface texture, crystallinity, and elemental composition. For the investigation of conductive nature, the proposed NiFe2O4/GCE was exploited to the primary electrochemical characterization tools e.g. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The ultra-sensitive determination of PCP was carried out under the linear dynamic range from 0.01 to 90 µM at the pulse amplitude of 80 mV/s in BRB buffer pH of 4. The limit of detection of the developed methods for PCP was calculated to be 0.0016 µM. The analytical applicability of the fabricated sensor was tested in different water samples depicting the acceptable recovery values.

Electrochemical monitoring of bisphenol-s through nanostructured tin oxide/Nafion/GCE: A solution to environmental pollution.

Over the past few decades, phenolic compounds have been broadly exploited in the industries to be utilized in several applications including polycarbonate plastic, food containers, epoxy resins, etc. One of the major compounds in phenolics is Bisphenol-S (BPS) which has dominantly replaced Bisphenol-A in several applications. Phenolic compounds are extensively drained into the environment without proper treatment and cause several health hazards. Thus, to tackle this serious problem an electrochemical sensor based on SnO2/GCE has been successfully engineered to monitor the low-level concentration of BPS in water samples. The fabrication of SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) was confirmed through FTIR, XRD, and TEM to examine the size, crystallinity, internal texture, and functionalities of the prepared material. The fabricated material was exploited as a chemically modified sensor for the determination of BPS in water samples collected from different sources. Under optimal conditions such as scan sweep 100 mV/s, PBS electrolyte pH of 6, potential window (0.3-1.3 V), the proposed sensor manifested an excellent response for BPS. The LOD of the present method for BPS was calculated as 0.007 µM, respectively. Moreover, the stability and selectivity profile of SnO2/GCE for BPS in the real matrix was examined to be outstanding.

An improved electrochemical sensor based on triton X-100 functionalized SnO2 nanoparticles for ultrasensitive determination of cadmium.

The drastic increases in the concentration of heavy metals ions in the environment have become a serious concern for a number of years. Heavy metals pose serious impacts on human and aquatic life and cause severe health hazards. Amongst heavy metals, cadmium is known for its lethal effects on human health as it easily reacts with enzymes and creates free radicals in the biological system that causes carcinogenicity and other serious diseases. Thus, to tackle this challenge, TX-100 SnO2 nanoparticles based chemically modified sensor is introduced to assess the quantity of Cd+2 in the water system. The engineered SnO2 nanoparticles were electrochemically characterized through cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to ensure the better charge transfer kinetics and electrocatalytic properties of fabricated sensors. Under the optimized conditions e.g., scan rate 80 mV/s, PBS electrolyte pH 7, and potential window (-0.2 to -1.4 V), the engineered TX-100/SnO2/GCE-based sensor manifested a phenomenal response for cadmium ions in water media. The LOD and LOQ of developed TX-100/SnO2/GCE were calculated in the nanomolar range as 0.0084 nM and 0.27 nM. The recovery values of the proposed method for Cd+2 were found in an acceptable limit that witnesses the effectiveness of the fabricated sensor. Moreover, the excellent stability and anti-interference behavior of the sensor highlights its dynamic profile to be commercially utilized for the determination of Cd+2 ions in water bodies.