Evaluation of periodontal status and detection of Dialister pneumosintes in cerebral palsy individuals: A Case-Control study.

BACKGROUND: The worldwide prevalence of cerebral palsy among live births is estimated to be between 1.9 and 3.6/1000. The presence of periodontal disease in cerebral palsy children typically is due to bacterial plaque accumulation caused by their inability to correctly clean their own teeth, difficulties in chewing and swallowing food, and improper movements of masticatory muscles and tongue muscles. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to estimate the periodontal status in cerebral palsy individuals and evaluate the presence of Dialister pneumosintes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty cerebral palsy children from the Spastics Society of Tamilnadu with signs of periodontitis were compared with the same number of age- and gender-matched controls for oral hygiene and periodontal parameters. Subgingival plaque samples were screened for the presence of respiratory pathogen D. pneumosintes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: A variation was noted between types of cerebral palsy individuals with a mean probing pocket depth value of 6 in spastic type, 4.86 in the ataxic, and 4.3 in the dyskinetic. Clinical attachment level varied from 6.71 in spastic to 5.43 in ataxic and 3.50 in dyskinetic. Oral hygiene index-simplified ranged from 2.764 in spastic to 2.25 in ataxic and 1.41 in dyskinetic. PCR results indicated 25% and 21.7% positivity for D. pneumosintes among cerebral palsy and control group, respectively. The odds ratio calculated to estimate the risk of periodontitis due to D. pneumosintes was 0.765. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that oral hygiene status and severity of periodontitis worsens as the rigidity and muscle tone limiting limb movement increases in cerebral palsy individuals.

Effect of obesity and lifestyle on the oral health of pre adolescent children.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide estimates of childhood obesity are as high as 43 million, and rates continue to increase each year. Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the present era and it causes serious consequences in the later years. In today's society, electronic media have been thoroughly integrated into the fabric of life, with television, video games, and computers being central to both work and play. While these media outlets can provide education and entertainment to children, many researches are concerned with the negative impact of electronic media on children. OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to evaluate the correlation, as to how oral hygiene and periodontal health were influenced by obesity and lifestyle factors, among pre-adolescents of ages of 9-12 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in schools located around Velachery, Chennai, India. A total of 426 children of age group of 9-12 years were selected. Information on their socio-economic, dietary, oral health statuses and time spent in leisure activities were assessed by using a questionnaire, followed by BMI estimation and these variables were correlated with their oral hygiene statuses. RESULTS: The prevalence of poor oral hygiene and poor dietary habits was observed in children who spent more time in watching television, playing videogames and using computer. Good oral hygiene was observed in children who had visited dentists in the past. CONCLUSION: There is a strong association of lifestyle factors with oral hygiene in pre-adolescent children. Sedentary lifestyle, with more leisure activities, has a negative impact on the oral health of children.

The malnutrition inflammation complex syndrome-the micsing factor in the perio-chronic kidney disease interlink.

The patients who undergo Maintenance Haemodialysis (MHD) have a high prevalence of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) and inflammation. Because these two conditions often occur concomitantly in the MHD patients, they have been referred to together as the Malnutrition-Inflammation Complex Syndrome (MICS) or Malnutrition-inflammation atherosclerosis, to underscore the atherosclerotic complications of this entity. MICS is also reported to correlate with a poor outcome, including a decreased quality of life, refractory anaemia and significantly greater rates of hospitalization and mortality in the MHD patients .Indeed, MICS may be the major cause of the paradoxical exposure-outcome association, which is also known as reverse epidemiology of the cardiovascular disease risk factors in the maintenance dialysis patients. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues from the dentition, which results from the infection of and the interaction of selected bacterial species with the components of the host response in disease-susceptible individuals as the haemodialysis (HD) patients. Only in recent years, did an emerging evidence link the dental infection, especially periodontitis, to an increased risk of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. In the HD patients, studies have been showing a positive link between periodontal disease and systemic inflammation on correlation between the levels of CRP and immunoglobulin G of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Recent researches have confirmed that the periodontal health is poor in haemodialysis patients and that it correlates with the markers of malnutrition and inflammation.

Vitamin D and periodontal health: Current concepts.

Vitamin D is crucial for a wide variety of organ systems; nevertheless, its deficiency is highly prevalent, present in 30-50% of the general population. Evidence has demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency may place subjects at risk for not only low mineral bone density/osteoporosis and osteopenia, but also infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases. Through its effect on bone and mineral metabolism, innate immunity, and several vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, vitamin D has been reported to be associated with the periodontal disease.

Effect of a volatile smoke component (acrolein) on human gingival fibroblasts: An in vitro study.

AIM: Tobacco and some of its volatile and non-volatile components have been found to affect many types of cells including human gingival fibroblasts. The aim of this present study was to estimate the effect of acrolein, a volatile fraction of cigarette smoke on the attachment, proliferation and ultra structure of human gingival fibroblasts in culture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human gingival fibroblasts strains obtained from healthy subjects aged 20-30 years, were grown to confluency and utilized between 3(rd) -6(th) passages. The cell cultures seeded in 96 well microtitration plates at a density of 45,000 cells/well were incubated with acrolein at concentrations of 10(-4), 3×10(-5) and 10(-5) . Attachment ability was evaluated after three hours using Neubauer hemocytometer. For the proliferation assay cell cultures seeded at a density of 10,000 cells/well were incubated at concentrations of 10(-4), 3×10(-5), 10(-5), 3×10(-6), 10(-6) and cell count determined after 5 days using a hemocytometer. Cell morphology was examined under phase contrast microscope. RESULTS: Acrolein produced a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblasts with complete inhibition of attachment and proliferation at higher concentrations. CONCLUSION: This supports the hypothesis that cigarette smoke is a great risk factor in the development and progression of periodontal disease.