Adolescents' needs for information and psychosocial support during their mother's breast cancer trajectory: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis among women. The acute crisis and uncertainty that often follow diagnosis put the family at risk of exhaustion and dysfunction. Adolescents have been identified as a particularly vulnerable group of relatives. To investigate how to prevent distress in this group, we systematically reviewed research on adolescents' (11-21 years) needs for information and psycho-social support during their mothers' breast cancer trajectory. METHOD: Systematic searches were conducted in five bibliometric databases. Peer-reviewed, original research of adolescents aged 11-21 with a mother diagnosed with breast cancer was included. Two researchers conducted screening, quality assessment, and data extraction independently. Thematic synthesis was applied to the included studies. RESULTS: A total of 8066 studies were screened, and five quantitative and six qualitative studies were included. The results indicated that adolescents' information and psycho-social support needs were poorly met. Many were reluctant to share feelings with family and peers and experienced abandonment during the crisis. Adolescents who were not well informed experienced distress. Poor family functioning increased the level of adolescents' distress. CONCLUSIONS: Despite limitations regarding heterogeneity among the studies, eligibility criteria, and quality assessment, this review provides clear clinical implications. Encounter groups may support adolescents during their mother's breast cancer trajectory. Furthermore, healthcare professionals could provide more indirect support to adolescents by providing support and clearer guidelines to parents. Finally, adolescents from poor-functioning families need extra attention.

High-intensity interval training and thromboembolic events during chemotherapy for testicular cancer: a retrospective analysis from the Body & Cancer cohort.

Background: Men with testicular cancer receiving platinum-based chemotherapy have an increased risk of thromboembolic events, with incidence rates between 8-24%. A recent trial evaluating the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) prematurely closed as three out of nine participants (33%) in the intervention group developed a thromboembolic event. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was: 1) (primary) to evaluate the incidence of thromboembolic events in men receiving chemotherapy for testicular cancer who had participated in HIIT during a 6-week exercise program (Body & Cancer) 2) to describe the feasibility of this program.Material and methods: Forty men who had participated in at least one HIIT session from February 2007 to February 2020 were included. Electronic medical records were searched for incident thromboembolic events (arterial and venous) during Body & Cancer and up to one-year post-chemotherapy. Attendance, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2-peak), and upper and lower extremity muscular strength (1 repetition maximum (RM)) were obtained from the Body & Cancer database.Results: One participant developed a thromboembolic event during Body & Cancer. No participants developed a thromboembolic event in the follow-up period. In all, data represent 160 HIIT sessions with a median attendance of eight sessions [range 1-19]. Statistically significant increases in upper and lower extremity strength were observed (8.6 (4.2 to 13.0) and 26.0 (14.9 to 37.0) kg, respectively). No significant increase in cardiorespiratory fitness was found (0.14 (-0.03 to 0.31) l/min).Conclusion: While conclusions on the safety of HIIT cannot be drawn, data from the present study do not support previous findings cautioning avoidance of HIIT due to a possible added risk of thromboembolic events in men receiving platinum-based chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Considering the potential for positive effects on cardiovascular outcomes associated with HIIT, future studies with robust design should be performed in this population to confirm these observations.

Effect of oral health interventions for dependent older people-A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing proportion of older people in the population worldwide, with a large group being dependent on the care of others. Dependent older people are more vulnerable to oral diseases, which can heavily impact their quality of life (OHRQoL) and general health. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to comprehensively assess interventions to improve oral health or guarantee access and adherence to dental treatment of dependent older people. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and clinical trial registries. Two reviewers performed the selection, data extraction, risk of bias evaluation using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and assessment of certainty of the evidence. When possible, we conducted a meta-analysis to calculate effect estimates and their 95%CIs. Primary outcomes were OHRQoL, oral/dental health, and use of the oral care system. RESULTS: We included a total of 30 randomised clinical trials assessing educational and non-educational interventions for community-dwelling older people (n = 2) and those residing in long-term care facilities (n = 28). Most studies assessed oral hygiene and showed that interventions may result in a reduction in dental plaque in the short term (with low certainty of evidence), but there is limited evidence for long-term effectiveness. Only one study assessed OHRQoL, and none evaluated changes in the use of the oral health care system. CONCLUSION: Our findings do not provide strong conclusions in favour of any specific intervention, mainly due to study quality and imprecision. There is limited information about the long-term effect of interventions, and further research is needed, especially targeting community-dwelling older people. PROSPERO ID: CRD42021231721.

What do women at high risk of breast cancer request of a patient education day? Focus interviews with women before and after deciding about prophylactic interventions.

OBJECTIVE: At a Danish Hospital, we wished to establish a co-designed patient education day about prophylactic interventions for women at high risk of developing breast cancer. However, knowledge is lacking on the women's acceptability and requests for content. The objective of this study is to gain knowledge about the acceptability and requests of the content of a patient education day among women at high risk of breast cancer considering prophylactic mastectomy. METHODS: A user panel consisting of patients and health care professionals developed an interview guide for two focus interviews with two groups of women at high risk of breast cancer; one group had received a prophylactic mastectomy and one group considered it. Thematic analysis was used to explore the participants' acceptability and requests for content. RESULTS: Meaningful content was knowledge about prophylactic interventions, how to share knowledge with partners and children, and talking to equals in a safe forum. Not all participants wished to discuss own surgery in a group setting. CONCLUSION: An education day is an acceptable and supportive format for gaining knowledge about surgery, but since some topics may be vulnerable to discuss in a group setting to some women, we suggest the education day as a valuable supplement to the individual consultations.

Empathy as a learning objective in medical education: using phenomenology of learning theory to explore medical students' learning processes.

BACKGROUND: Clinical empathy has been associated with a range of positive patient- and clinician outcomes. Educating medical students to become empathic physicians has in recent years become a clearly pronounced learning objective in medical education in many countries worldwide. Research knowledge about how medical students experience the learning processes conveyed by empathy-enhancing educational interventions is lacking. Our study aimed to explore Danish medical students' perspectives on which experiences allowed learning processes to take place in relation to empathy and empathic communication with patients. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative research study, involving semi-structured interviews with twenty-three Danish medical students across years of curriculum and universities. Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis (RTA) guided the analytical process, moving on a continuum from inductive to deductive, theoretical approaches. Key concepts in regard to learning processes deriving from Amadeo Giorgi's learning theory were applied to analyse the data. RESULTS: Learning processes in relation to clinical empathy occured: 1. when theoretical knowledge about empathy became embodied and contextualied within a clinical context 2. through interpersonal interactions, e.g., with peers, faculty members and clinicians, that conveyed behavior-mobilizing positive and negative affect and 3. when new learning discoveries in 2. and 3. were appropriated as a personalized and adequate behavior that transcends the situational level. CONCLUSION: Rather than being an immediate product of knowledge transmission, skill acquisition or training, learning clinical empathy is experienced as a dynamic, temporal process embedded in a daily clinical lifeworld of becoming an increasingly human professional.

A cross-sectional study of student empathy across four medical schools in Denmark-associations between empathy level and age, sex, specialty preferences and motivation.

BACKGROUND: Professional empathy has been associated with a range of positive patient- and clinician outcomes and is therefore considered important to develop for future physicians. Measuring changes in empathy scores among medical students by using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (Student version) (JSE-S) has led to mixed results. So far, no investigation of Danish medical students' empathy development has been conducted. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the associations between empathy scores among Danish medical students and medical school, year of curriculum, age, sex, co-habitation, and parental status, specialty preferences and motivations for choosing medicine as a future profession. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire study. All medical students from four medical schools in Denmark in their first, third and sixth year (N = 4,178) were invited to participate in the study in October 2020. The associations between JSE-S sum score and the above explanatory factors were analysed by uni- and multivariable linear regression models. RESULTS: The JSE-S was completed by 672 medical students. The overall mean score was 112.7. There were no statistically significant differences in empathy between medical schools, first, third- and sixth- year medical students, age groups or parental status. Female students and students living with a spouse or partner scored higher on JSE-S than male students or students living alone, and the sex difference remained statistically significant in the multivariable regression. In both the univariable and multivariable setting, preference for future medical specialty was statistically significant, with a decrease in scores for students choosing surgery-specialties. Motivational factors were not statistically significantly associated with empathy, although there was a slight upwards trend for one of the motivational categories, named "personal experiences". CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results showed neither decrease nor increase but instead rather stable empathy scores across years of curriculum of medical students in Denmark, adding to the mixed picture of empathy development among medical students. Our findings are consistent with positive associations found in international studies between empathy scores and higher age, female sex, specialty preferences for psychiatry and general practice and altruistic motivations for choosing to enroll. Although specialty preferences are changing during medical education, they may be used meaningfully as predictors of individual student empathy levels.

Weak inclusion of the medical humanities in medical education: a qualitative study among Danish medical students.

BACKGROUND: The modern medical education is predominantly grounded in the biomedical sciences. In recent years, medical humanities have been included into the medical curricula in many countries around the world one of the objectives being to promote patient-centred, empathic care by future physicians. Studies have been made of the impact of inclusion of medical humanities components within the medical curriculum. Although some results suggest increased empathy, others remain inconclusive. To gain insight into the depth, context, and impact of inclusion of the medical humanities for future physicians, this study aimed to explore Danish medical students' understanding of and reflections on how the medical humanities relate to the medical education, including the clinic. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative research study, involving semi-structured interviews with twenty-three Danish medical students across years of curriculum and medical schools. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis. RESULTS: The findings demonstrate the subordinate role of the medical humanities in the medical educational system. Students prioritize biomedical knowledge building in the preclinical curriculum, partly as a reaction to an unbalanced institutional inclusion of the medical humanities. Observing how structural empathy incentives are lacking in the clinical curriculum, the values inherent in the medical humanities are undermined. CONCLUSION: Danish medical students become part of an educational environment with lacking institutional conditions and structures to promote the strong inclusion of the medical humanities. A focus is therefore needed on the values, norms and structures of the medical educational systems that undermine a strong inclusion of the medical humanities into medical education.

Exposure to passive smoking during adolescence is associated with an increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Environmental factors are associated with acquiring multiple sclerosis (MS) particularly in adolescence. OBJECTIVE: To test for association between MS and exposure to passive smoking at the age of 10-19. METHODS: A total of 919 patients from the Danish MS Registry and Biobank and 3419 healthy blood donors who had not smoked before the age of 19 were targeted. We analyzed separately for each sex and for those never-smokers (cohort 1) and active smokers above the age of 19 (cohort 2). All participants completed standardized questionnaires about smoking and lifestyle. We matched cases and controls in the ratio of 1:2 by propensity scores discarding unmatchable individuals and used logistic regression adjusted for all covariates and interactions. RESULTS: After matching, we included 110/213 male cases/controls and 232/377 female case/controls in cohort 1. In cohort 2, the numbers were 160/320 and 417/760, respectively. Among women in cohort 1, the odds ratio (OR) for MS by passive smoking at the age of 10-19 was 1.432 (p = 0.037) but in men it was 1.232 (p = 0.39). Among men in cohort 2, OR was 1.593 (p = 0.022) but among women it was only 1.102 (p = 0.44). CONCLUSION: Among never smokers, female MS cases were more often than female controls reported with passive smoking between the age of 10 and 19, and among smokers above the age of 19, male MS patients were more often than male controls reported with passive smoking.

Loneliness, Social Isolation, and Chronic Disease Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Research suggests that loneliness and social isolation (SI) are serious public health concerns. However, our knowledge of the associations of loneliness and SI with specific chronic diseases is limited. PURPOSE: The present prospective cohort study investigated (a) the longitudinal associations of loneliness and SI with four chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease [CVD], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], diabetes mellitus Type 2 [T2D], and cancer), (b) the synergistic association of loneliness and SI with chronic disease, and (c) baseline psychological and behavioral explanatory factors. METHODS: Self-reported data from the 2013 Danish "How are you?" survey (N = 24,687) were combined with individual-level data from the National Danish Patient Registry on diagnoses in a 5 year follow-up period (2013-2018). RESULTS: Cox proportional hazard regression analyses showed that loneliness and SI were independently associated with CVD (loneliness: adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI; 1.03, 1.40]; SI: AHR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.04, 146]) and T2D (loneliness: AHR =1.90, 95% CI [1.42, 2.55]; SI: AHR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.15, 2.21]). No significant associations were found between loneliness or SI and COPD and cancer, respectively. Likewise, loneliness and SI did not demonstrate a synergistic effect on chronic disease. Multiple mediation analysis indicated that loneliness and SI had an indirect effect on CVD and T2D through both baseline psychological and behavioral factors. CONCLUSION: Loneliness and SI were independently associated with a diagnosis of CVD and T2D within a 5 year follow-up period. The associations of loneliness and SI with CVD and T2D were fully explained by baseline psychological and behavioral factors.

Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a therapist-assisted web-based intervention for depression and anxiety in patients with ischemic heart disease attending cardiac rehabilitation [eMindYourHeart trial]: a randomised controlled trial protocol.

BACKGROUND: One in five patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) develop comorbid depression or anxiety. Depression is associated with risk of non-adherence to cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and dropout, inadequate risk factor management, poor quality of life (QoL), increased healthcare costs and premature death. In 2020, IHD and depression are expected to be among the top contributors to the disease-burden worldwide. Hence, it is paramount to treat both the underlying somatic disease as well as depression and anxiety. eMindYourHeart will evaluate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a therapist-assisted eHealth intervention targeting depression and anxiety in patients with IHD, which may help fill this gap in clinical care. METHODS: eMindYourHeart is a multi-center, two-armed, unblinded randomised controlled trial that will compare a therapist-assisted eHealth intervention to treatment as usual in 188 CR patients with IHD and comorbid depression or anxiety. The primary outcome of the trial is symptoms of depression, measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at 3 months. Secondary outcomes evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 months include symptoms of depression and anxiety (HADS), perceived stress, health complaints, QoL (HeartQoL), trial dropout (number of patients dropped out in either arm at 3 months) and cost-effectiveness. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first trial to evaluate both the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a therapist-assisted eHealth intervention in patients with IHD and comorbid psychological distress as part of CR. Integrating screening for and treatment of depression and anxiety into standard CR may decrease dropout and facilitate better risk factor management, as it is presented as "one package" to patients, and they can access the eMindYourHeart program in their own time and at their own convenience. The trial holds a strong potential for improving the quality of care for an increasing population of patients with IHD and comorbid depression, anxiety or both, with likely benefits to patients, families, and society at large due to potential reductions in direct and indirect costs, if proven successful. Trial registration The trial was prospectively registered on https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04172974 on November 21, 2019 with registration number [NCT04172974].

Emissions of soot, PAHs, ultrafine particles, NOx, and other health relevant compounds from stressed burning of candles in indoor air.

Burning candles release a variety of pollutants to indoor air, some of which are of concern for human health. We studied emissions of particles and gases from the stressed burning of five types of pillar candles with different wax and wick compositions. The stressed burning was introduced by controlled fluctuating air velocities in a 21.6 m3 laboratory chamber. The aerosol physicochemical properties were measured both in well-mixed chamber air and directly above the candle flame with online and offline techniques. All candles showed different emission profiles over time with high repeatability among replicates. The particle mass emissions from stressed burning for all candle types were dominated by soot (black carbon; BC). The wax and wick composition strongly influenced emissions of BC, PM2.5 , and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and to lower degree ultrafine particles, inorganic and organic carbon fraction of PM, but did not influence NOx , formaldehyde, and gas-phase PAHs. Measurements directly above the flame showed empirical evidence of short-lived strong emission peaks of soot particles. The results show the importance of including the entire burn time of candles in exposure assessments, as their emissions can vary strongly over time. Preventing stressed burning of candles can reduce exposure to pollutants in indoor air.

Emissions of ultrafine particles from five types of candles during steady burn conditions.

Emissions from candles are of concern for indoor air quality. In this work, five different types of pillar candles were burned under steady burn conditions in a new laboratory scale system for repeatable and controlled comparison of candle emissions (temperature ~25°C, relative humidity ~13%, O2 >18%, air exchange rate 1.9 h-1 ). Burn rate, particle number concentrations, mass concentrations, and mode diameters varied between candle types. Based on the results, the burning period was divided in two phases: initial (0-1 h) and stable (1-6 h). Burn rates were in the range 4.4-7.3 and 4.7-7.1 g/h during initial and stable phase, respectively. Relative particle number emissions, mode diameters, and mass concentrations were higher during the initial phase compared to the stable phase for a majority of the candles. We hypothesize that this is due to elevated emissions of wick additives upon ignition of the candle together with a slightly higher burn rate in the initial phase. Experiments at higher relative humidity (~40%) gave similar results with a tendency toward larger particle sizes at the higher relative humidity. Chemical composition with respect to inorganic salts was similar in the emitted particles (dry conditions) compared to the candlewicks, but with variations between different candles.

Anger and long-term mortality and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with a first-time implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: data from the MIDAS study.

AIMS: Psychosocial factors increase risk for incident heart disease and poor prognosis. In patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), negative emotions have been associated with increased mortality risk, although the association with ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) is less consistent. Anger has been linked to incident ICD shocks, but no prospective study has examined the association of anger (state and trait) with mortality or VAs in the ICD population. In a consecutively recruited cohort of first-time ICD patients, we examined the association of state and trait anger with 7-year mortality risk and time to first VA. METHODS AND RESULTS: A consecutive cohort of patients implanted with a first-time ICD (n = 388; 80% men) between 2003 and 2010 completed the State-Trait Anger Scale and were followed for 7 years. Outcomes were mortality and time to first appropriate ICD therapy. State anger at the time of implant was associated with increased mortality risk in adjusted analyses, with a 1-point increase in score on the state anger measures associated with a 5% [hazard ratio 1.05; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.09; P = 0.015] increased 7-year mortality risk. We found no statistically significant differences in mortality risk for trait anger, nor an effect for state or trait anger on time to first treated VA (all ps > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to examine the association of state and trait anger with long-term clinical outcomes in ICD patients. Evaluating anger reduction strategies in newly implanted ICD patients, such as self-regulation or mindfulness techniques, may be warranted for reducing mortality risk.

Circulating tumor DNA as a marker of minimal residual disease following local treatment of metastases from colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Local treatment of liver and/or lung metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasingly used in daily practice and comprises resection, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT). The need for prognostic markers for patients undergoing such treatment is currently unmet. We investigated post-treatment circulating tumor-specific DNA (ctDNA) analysis and address a possible prognostic value in a pilot study. MATERIALS: From July 2015 to September 2017, patients undergoing standard of care local treatment of liver and/or lung metastases were included in a prospective translational study. Blood samples were drawn 2 weeks after local treatment and during follow-up. CtDNA was detected by ddPCR and a mass spectrometry-based platform MassARRAY®. RESULTS: Post treatment blood samples were available for 35 patients including five with detectable ctDNA (KRAS mutation, n = 2; NRAS mutation, n = 2; BRAF mutation, n = 1) by ddPCR. 17 out of 35 patients (49%) developed recurrence within a median of 273 days (95%CI 95-NA) among patients positive for ctDNA, while the median time to recurrence was not reached for the group of patients negative for ctDNA (p = .03). CONCLUSION: The presence of ctDNA following local treatment of metastatic CRC is associated with an increased risk of recurrence and a short time to failure.

Influence of Airborne Particles' Chemical Composition on SVOC Uptake from PVC Flooring-Time-Resolved Analysis with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry.

We sampled ammonium sulfate particles and indoor particles of outdoor origin through a small chamber covered with polyvinyl chloride flooring. We measured the uptake of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) by the airborne particles in real time. The particles acquired SVOC mass fractions up to 10%. The phthalate ester (di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) (DEHP), a known endocrine disruptor, contributed by approximately half of the sorbed SVOC mass. The indoor particles acquired a higher DEHP fraction than laboratory-generated ammonium sulfate aerosol. We attribute this increased uptake to absorption by organic matter present in the indoor particles. Using a thermodenuder to remove volatile components, predominantly organics, reduced the SVOC uptake. Positive matrix factorization applied to the organic mass spectra suggests that hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (typically fresh traffic exhaust) sorbs DEHP more efficiently than aged organic aerosol. The SVOC uptake is one of the processes that modify outdoor pollution particles after they penetrate buildings, where the majority of exposure occurs. Particles from indoor sources, typically dominated by organic matter, will undergo such processes as well. Aerosol mass spectrometry improves the time resolution of experimental investigations into these processes and enables experiments with lower, relevant particle concentrations. Additionally, particle size-resolved results are readily obtained.

Revisiting the trajectory of medical students' empathy, and impact of gender, specialty preferences and nationality: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Empathy allows a physician to understand the patient's situation and feelings and respond appropriately. Consequently, empathy gives rise to better diagnostics and clinical outcomes. This systematic review investigates the level of empathy among medical students across the number of educational years and how this level relates to gender, specialty preferences, and nationality. METHOD: In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), the authors conducted a systematic search of studies published between February 2010 and March 2019 investigating the level of empathy among medical students. The databases PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched. Studies employing quantitative methodologies and published in English or Scandinavian language and examining medical students exclusively were included. RESULTS: Thirty studies were included of which 24 had a cross-sectional and 6 a longitudinal study design. In 14 studies, significantly lower levels of empathy were reported by increase in the number of educational years. The remaining 16 studies identified both higher, mixed and unchanged levels. In 18 out of 27 studies it was reported that females had higher empathy scores than males. Only three out of nine studies found an association between empathy scores and specialty preferences. Nine out of 30 studies reported a propensity towards lower mean empathy scores in non-Western compared to Western countries. CONCLUSION: The results revealed equivocal findings concerning how the empathy level among medical students develops among medical students across numbers of educational years and how empathy levels are associated with gender, specialty preferences, and nationality. Future research might benefit from focusing on how students' empathy is displayed in clinical settings, e.g. in clinical encounters with patients, peers and other health professionals.

Alcohol consumption in adolescence is associated with a lower risk of multiple sclerosis in a Danish cohort.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Due to the possible existence of a vulnerable period of multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility in adolescence and because Danish teenagers have a high alcohol consumption, we investigated the association between alcohol consumption at ages 15-19 and the risk of developing MS. METHODS: A total of 1717 patients with MS and 4685 healthy blood donors filled in a comprehensive environmental and lifestyle questionnaire. Data were analysed by logistic regression models and adjusted for selected confounders. RESULTS: We found an inverse association between alcohol consumption in adolescence and risk of developing MS in both women (p < 0.001) and men (p = 0.012). Women with low alcohol consumption had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.56 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47-0.66) compared with non-drinking women. The ORs were similar for women with moderate (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.38-0.62) and high consumption (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.38-0.84). Men with low alcohol consumption had an OR of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.53-0.89) compared with non-drinking men but no decreased risk was found for men with moderate and high consumption. CONCLUSION: Alcohol consumption in adolescence was associated with lower risk of developing MS among both sexes.

Heavy-load resistance exercise during chemotherapy in physically inactive breast cancer survivors at risk for lymphedema: a randomized trial.

Background: Due to long-standing concerns that heavy-load lifting could increase the risk of developing lymphedema, breast cancer survivors have been advised to refrain from resistance exercise with heavy loads. This study prospectively evaluated the effect of heavy-load resistance exercise on lymphedema development in women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer.Material and Methods: Physically inactive women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer (n = 153) were randomized to a HIGH (supervised, multimodal exercise including heavy-load resistance exercise: 85-90% 1 repetition maximum [RM], three sets of 5-8 repetitions) versus LOW (pedometer and one-on-one consultations) 12-week intervention. Outcomes (baseline, 12 and 39 weeks) included lymphedema status (extracellular fluid [bioimpedance spectroscopy] and inter-arm volume % difference [dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry], lymphedema symptoms [numeric rating scale 0-10]), upper-extremity strength (1 RM), and quality of life domains (EORTC- BR23). Linear mixed models were used to evaluate equivalence between groups for lymphedema outcomes (equivalence margins for L-Dex, % difference and symptoms scale: ±5, ±3% and ±1, respectively). Superiority analysis was conducted for muscle strength and quality of life domains.Results: Postintervention equivalence between groups was found for extracellular fluid (0.4; 90% CI -2.5 to 3.2) and symptoms of heaviness (-0.2; -0.6 to 0.2), tightness (-0.1; -0.8 to 0.6) and swelling (0.2; -0.4 to 0.8). Nonequivalence was found for inter-arm volume % difference (-3.5%; -17.3 to 10.3) and pain (-0.7; -1.3 to 0), favoring HIGH. Strength gains were superior in the HIGH versus LOW group (3 kg; 1 to 5, p < .05). Further, clinically relevant reductions in breast (-11; -15 to -7) and arm (-6; -10 to -1) symptoms were found in the HIGH group.Conclusion: Findings suggest that physically inactive breast cancer survivors can benefit from supervised heavy-load resistance exercise during chemotherapy without increasing lymphedema risk. Trial registration: ISRCTN13816000.

Mechanistic study of the reaction of CH2F2 with Cl atoms in the absence and presence of CH4 or C2H6: decomposition of CHF2OH and fate of the CHF2O radical.

To assess the atmospheric fate of fluorinated compounds, chamber experiments were performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy investigating the products of difluoromethane, CH2F2, at 296 ± 2 K. The reactions were initiated by reaction of CH2F2 with Cl atoms in the absence and presence of CH4 or C2H6 in air or O2. No evidence of formation of the fluorinated alcohol, CHF2OH, from the reactions of the CHF2O2 radical with either CH3O2 or CH3CH2O2 was observed. However, evidence of an alkoxy radical pathway was observed to form CHF2OH. The alkoxy radical, CHF2O, abstracts a hydrogen atom from CH2F2 (with reaction mixtures of high initial CH2F2 concentrations) to give the alcohol CHF2OH that in turn decomposes with a rate coefficient of k(CHF2OH) = (1.68 × 10-3 ± 0.19 × 10-3) s-1, giving a half-life of the alcohol of (412 ± 48) s. Theoretical calculations indicate that the CHF2OH decomposition is unlikely to be a unimolecular process, and we instead propose that it is catalyzed by -OH groups present in molecules, or on particles or surfaces. HC(O)F is formed in a yield indistinguishable from 100% from the decomposition of CHF2OH. The competition between the reaction of CHF2O radicals with O2 and with CH2F2 was investigated and an experimental rate coefficient ratio of 0.57 ± 0.08 of reaction with O2 over reaction with CH2F2 was determined. Ab initio calculations support a larger reaction barrier for the O2 reaction by 0.5 kcal mol-1, with transition state theory predicting a rate coefficient ratio of 0.35, in reasonable agreement with experiment. The primary product of the atmospheric degradation of CH2F2 is expected to be C(O)F2 formed by the reaction of CHF2O with O2.

Performance Stability and Interrater Reliability of Culturally Adapted 10-Meter Walking Test for Danes with Neurological Disorders.

BACKGROUND: The 10-meter Walking Test (10MWT) is often used to assess people with, e.g., stroke, but often using different procedures. The aims of this study were to translate the 10MWT into Danish, to determine the number of trials needed to achieve performance stability, and to examine the interrater reliability and agreement of the 10MWT in people with neurological disorders. METHODS: Translation followed international recommendations, and evaluated in a consecutive sample of 50 people with a neurological disorder. All participants performed 5 timed 10MWT trials (usual speed) with 20-seconds rest intervals between trials, supervised by a physical therapist. A second session was conducted with another physical therapist, separated with a mean (SD) of 2.7 (0.9) hours. The order of raters was randomized and they were blinded to each other's ratings. Repeated measures ANOVA determined performance stability, while ICC1.1, standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC95) determined reproducibility. RESULTS: Participant's improved their 10MWT scores significantly between the first and second trial only. The faster of the 2 trials took a mean of 11.95 (5.40) seconds, and significantly (P < 0.001) faster than the slowest; mean of 12.80 (6.13) seconds. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC; 95% confidence interval), SEM, and MDC, based on the fastest of 2 trials, were 0.97 (0.95-0.98), 0.06 m/s, and 0.17 m/s, respectively, and with no systematic between rater's bias. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the faster of 2 timed trials be recorded for the 10MWT in people with neurological disorders, as we found excellent interrater reliability and low measurement error using this score.