Attention-based classification pattern, a research domain criteria framework, in youths with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The National Institute of Mental Health has initiated the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project. Instead of using disorder categories as the basis for grouping individuals, the RDoC suggests finding relevant dimensions that can cut across traditional disorders. Our aim was to use the RDoC's framework to study patterns of attention deficit based on results of Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT II) in youths diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), BD+ADHD and controls. METHOD: Eighteen healthy controls, 23 patients with ADHD, 10 with BD and 33 BD+ADHD aged 12-17 years old were assessed. Pattern recognition was used to partition subjects into clusters based simultaneously on their performance in all CPT II variables. A Fisher's linear discriminant analysis was used to build a classifier. RESULTS: Using cluster analysis, the entire sample set was best clustered into two new groups, A and B, independently of the original diagnoses. ADHD and BD+ADHD were divided almost 50% in each subgroup, and there was an agglomeration of controls and BD in group B. Group A presented a greater impairment with higher means in all CPT II variables and lower Children's Global Assessment Scale. We found a high cross-validated classification accuracy for groups A and B: 95.2%. Variability of response time was the strongest CPT II measure in the discriminative pattern between groups A and B. CONCLUSION: Our classificatory exercise supports the concept behind new approaches, such as the RDoC framework, for child and adolescent psychiatry. Our approach was able to define clinical subgroups that could be used in future pathophysiological and treatment studies.

Assessment of working memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This research investigated the cognitive abilities and the working memory in children and youngsters with three different types of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): (a) mainly with attention-deficit, (b) hyperactive and impulsive, and (c) combined. METHOD: A computerized test called Infant Cognitive Abilities Test, which measures five cognitive abilities based on the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model, was used. Thirty-two children from both sexes, aged 7 to 15 years, from the Hospital das Clínicas, suffering from ADHD and a control group with 30 children from a state elementary school (first through eighth grades) were submitted to the test. RESULTS: The results showed that there were significant differences with regard to the reaction time of the working memory of the different types of ADHD. CONCLUSION: Children suffering from ADHD had high test scores for the visual memory items of the test, when compared with the results in the auditory memory items.

Methylphenidate use in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

A Brazilian Health Technology Assessment Bulletin (BRATS) article regarding scientific evidence of the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has caused much controversy about its methods. Considering the relevance of BRATS for public health in Brazil, we critically reviewed this article by remaking the BRATS search and discussing its methods and results. Two questions were answered: did BRATS include all references available in the literature? Do the conclusions reflect the reviewed articles? The results indicate that BRATS did not include all the references from the literature on this subject and also that the proposed conclusions are different from the results of the articles chosen by the BRATS authors themselves. The articles selected by the BRATS authors showed that using methylphenidate is safe and effective. However, the BRATS final conclusion does not reflect the aforementioned and should not be used to support decisions on the use of methylphenidate.

[Analysis of methylphenidate's efficacy using the abbreviated version Conners' questionnaire in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. / Análise da eficácia do metilfenidato usando a versão abreviada do questionário de conners em transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade.

UNLABELLED: The attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex diagnosis. Its installation is precocious, with chronic evolution that impacts on the subject's performance in several contexts. Three to 5% of the school aged children present this disorder. The Conners' questionnaire has been used as an instrument of epidemiological survey for ADHD children. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate if this instrument could be an useful tool for the analysis of the methylphenidate's treatment efficacy in ADHD's children. METHOD: Twenty-one male children were selected, with ADHD combined type, chronological ages ranging from seven to 10 years and 11 months and all were treated with methylphenidate. The Conners' questionnaire abbreviated version for parents and teachers was applied in two moments, one without medication and another between six to eight months after the beginning of the methylphenidate. RESULTS: Results pointed to a reduction in punctuation in Conners' questionnaire in all children with ADHD concomitant to clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: Conners' questionnaire revealed to be useful not only for diagnosis, but also as an instrument to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment of ADHD.

ABR and auditory P300 findings in children with ADHD.

Auditory processing disorders (APD), also referred as central auditory processing disorders (CAPD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) have become popular diagnostic entities for school age children. It has been demonstrated a high incidence of comorbid ADHD with communication disorders and auditory processing disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate ABR and P300 auditory evoked potentials in children with ADHD, in a double-blind study. Twenty-one children, ages between 7 and 10 years, with a primary diagnosis of ADHD, participated in this experiment. Results showed that all children had normal ABR with normal latency for wave V. Results also showed that among 42 ears combined 52.38% did not have P300. For the medicated subjects we observed that among 28 ears, 42.85% did not have P300 and for the non-medicated 71.43% (N = 14 ears) did not have P300. Our results suggest that the medicated subjects had more presence of P300 (57.15%) than the non-medicated group (28.57%), though the absence of these potentials were high among the group--52.38%.

Methylphenidate use in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / Uso de metilfenidato em crianças com transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade

A Brazilian Health Technology Assessment Bulletin (BRATS) article regarding scientific evidence of the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has caused much controversy about its methods. Considering the relevance of BRATS for public health in Brazil, we critically reviewed this article by remaking the BRATS search and discussing its methods and results. Two questions were answered: did BRATS include all references available in the literature? Do the conclusions reflect the reviewed articles? The results indicate that BRATS did not include all the references from the literature on this subject and also that the proposed conclusions are different from the results of the articles chosen by the BRATS authors themselves. The articles selected by the BRATS authors showed that using methylphenidate is safe and effective. However, the BRATS final conclusion does not reflect the aforementioned and should not be used to support decisions on the use of methylphenidate.

O Boletim Brasileiro de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (BRATS), em matéria sobre as evidências científicas da eficácia e segurança do metilfenidato para o transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH), gerou controvérsias sobre sua metodologia. Considerando a relevância do BRATS para a saúde pública no Brasil, realizou-se análise crítica dessa matéria ao refazer a busca do BRATS e discutir sua metodologia e achados. Foram respondidas duas perguntas:o BRATS incluiu todas as referências disponíveis na literatura? As conclusões refletiram os textos revisados? Identificou-se que o BRATS não incluiu todas as referências da literatura sobre o tema e que as conclusões propostas estão diferentes dos resultados dos artigos escolhidos pelos próprios autores do BRATS. Os artigos selecionados pelos autores do BRATS apontam para a eficácia e segurança do uso do metilfenidato. Entretanto, a conclusão final dos autores não reflete isso e não deveria ser usada como referência para orientar decisões sobre o uso do metilfenidato.

Diagnóstico e tratamento de transtorno bipolar e TDAH na infância: desafios na prática clínica / Diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder and ADHD on childhood: challenges in the clinical practice

O transtorno de humor bipolar (THB) e o transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) são enfermidades graves, de evolução crônica e que geram forte impacto social, familiar e educacional. Por compartilharem sintomas comuns e freqüentemente se apresentarem em comorbidade, o seu diagnóstico diferencial torna-se difícil, porém imprescindível, visto que medicamentos utilizados no tratamento do TDAH podem agravar a bipolaridade em crianças não tratadas. São encontradas taxas que variam de 49 por cento a 87 por cento de diagnóstico de TDAH em crianças e adolescentes com THB. Crianças com ambos os transtornos têm um curso geralmente mais grave. São indivíduos com taxas maiores de sintomas psicóticos, depressão, problemas escolares, hospitalização, ansiedade e comportamentos disruptivos. A criança com transtorno de humor bipolar TDAH deve iniciar o tratamento com estabilizadores de humor, visto que o impacto dos sintomas maníacos é maior do que o dos sintomas de TDAH. Se os sintomas de desatenção, impulsividade e hiperatividade persistem após a estabilização do humor, pode-se preconizar o tratamento para o TDAH com o uso de psicoestimulantes.

Bipolar mood disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are serious maladies with chronic course, with strong social, familial and educational impact. Since both of them may present similar symptomatology and may also occur as comorbidity, the differential diagnosis can be considered difficult. However the medication used for the treatment of ADHD can aggravate BD in children who are not treated. Rates raging from 49 percent to 87 percent ADHD are described in children and adolescents with BD. Children who present both disorders have a more serious course and present higher rates of psychotic symptoms, depression, learning problems, hospitalization, anxiety and disruptive behavior. Children with BD and ADHD should start treatment with mood stabilizers, whereas the impact of the maniac symptoms is greater than the symptoms of ADHD. If the symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity remain, even after mood stabilization, treatment for ADHD with psychostimulants is warranted.

Análise da eficácia do metilfenidato usando a versão abreviada do questionário de conners em transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade / Analysis of the methylphenidate's efficacy using the abbreviated version Conners' questionnaire in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

O transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH) é quadro diagnóstico bastante complexo, de início precoce, com evolução crônica que repercute em diversos contextos. Três a 5 por cento das crianças em idade escolar apresentam esse transtorno. O questionário de Conners vem sendo utilizado como instrumento de levantamento epidemiológico para o TDAH. OBJETIVO: Este estudo visa a utilização deste instrumento para a análise da eficácia do tratamento com metilfenidato em crianças com TDAH. MÉTODO: Foram selecionadas 21 crianças do gênero masculino, com TDAH do tipo combinado, idade cronológica entre sete anos completos a 10 anos e 11 meses e todos foram tratados com metilfenidato. A versão abreviada do questionário de Conners para pais e professores foi aplicada em dois momentos: um antes da medicação e outro entre seis a oito meses após o seu início. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se redução na pontuação no questionário de Conners em todas as crianças com TDAH concomitante à melhora clínica. CONCLUSAO: Observou-se que o questionário de Conners mostrou-se útil não só como auxílio diagnóstico, mas também como um instrumento de avaliação da eficácia do tratamento do TDAH.

ABR and auditory P300 findings inchildren with ADHD

Auditory processing disorders (APD), also referred as central auditory processing disorders (CAPD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) have become popular diagnostic entities for school age children. It has been demonstrated a high incidence of comorbid ADHD with communication disorders and auditory processing disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate ABR and P300 auditory evoked potentials in children with ADHD, in a double-blind study. Twenty-one children, ages between 7 and 10 years, with a primary diagnosis of ADHD, participated in this experiment. Results showed that all children had normal ABR with normal latency for wave V. Results also showed that among 42 ears combined 52.38 percent did not have P300. For the medicated subjects we observed that among 28 ears, 42.85 percent did not have P300 and for the non-medicated 71.43 percent (N = 14 ears) did not have P300. Our results suggest that the medicated subjects had more presence of P300 (57.15 percent) than the non-medicated group (28.57 percent), though the absence of these potentials were high among the group - 52.38 percent

Transtorno do défict de atençäo/hiperatividade e a atividade motora pasra a escrita: relato de um caso tratado com metilfenidato / Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the motor activity for the writing: case report treated with methylphenidate

Relata-se neste trabalho o efeito do metilfenidato sobre a atividade motora relacionada com a escrita, em um caso de transtorno do déficit de atençäo/hiperatividade na infância. Säo apresentados o controle medicamentoso, os resultados da avaliaçäo neuropsicológica, de linguagem e as melhoras resultantes desse tipo de medicaçäo. O uso do metilfenidato permitiu conhecer as acentuadas dificuldades motoras para a escrita, que nesse caso, estäo relacionadas com dificuldades de planejamento do movimento, e näo a uma alteraçäo na coordenaçäo motora manual.