Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Intra-Abdominal Infection Isolates From A Tertiary Care Hospital In Karachi.

BACKGROUND: Intra-abdominal infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The most frequent pathogens involved are the gastrointestinal flora which can cause poly-microbial infections. Microbiological diagnosis is required to determine the aetiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of the organisms involved. Prompt initiation of antimicrobials is essential for improving patient's outcome. Knowledge of local trends of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial isolates is essential for empiric therapy. METHODS: A total of 190 clinical isolates collected from intra-abdominal infections during July 2013 to July 2014 were included in the study. Organism identification and Antimicrobial sensitivity testing using standard biochemical tests and CLSI recommended criteria was carried out. RESULTS: Of the total 190 isolates from abdominal infection sources 52% were from fluid sources (peritoneal & ascitic fluid), 41% were from gall bladder and 6.5% were from other abdominal sources. E. coli (46.8%) was the most frequently isolated gram negative and Enterococcus (13.1%) was the most frequently isolated gram positive organism. Carbapenem (imipenem) was the most active agent against enterobacteraceae exhibiting, 94.4% and 91.3% sensitivity against E. coli and Klebsiella respectively. While vancomycin was the most active agent against gram positive organisms. Eighty-four percent of the Enterococci isolated were sensitive to vancomycin. Most isolates exhibited resistance to one or more antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous evolution of antimicrobial resistance patterns in bacteria necessitates updating of local data on antimicrobial susceptibility profiles to ensure the safety and efficacy of pathogen specific antimicrobial therapies.

Synthesis of novel derivatives of 4-pyridine carboxylic acid hydrazide and their activity on central nervous system.

Six novel derivatives (2-7) of 4-Pyridine carboxylic acid hydrazide (PCH) were synthesized by treating this lead molecule with substituted arylsulphonyl and benzoyl chlorides. The molecular structures of the newly derived products were characterized by the help of UV Visible, IR, FAB, 1HNMR spectroscopy and CHN analysis. During the preliminary pharmacological screening, it was observed that the synthesized compounds induced noticeable changes on motor activity of the animals. Interesting structure activity relationship was also observed among the synthesized molecules. Because of the interesting affect on motor activity, the newly synthesized derivatives can further be evaluated for their effects on CNS.

Determination of pKa values of new phenacyl-piperidine derivatives by potentiometric titration method in aqueous medium at room temperature (25±0.5oC).

Dissociation constant (pKa) of ten novel phenacyl derivatives of piperidine were determined by potentiometric titration method in aqueous medium at room temperature (25 ±0.5°C). The sample solutions were prepared in deionized water with ionic strength 0.01M and titrated with 0.1M NaOH solution. In addition, ΔG values were also calculated. Different prediction software programs were used to calculate pKa values too and compared to the experimentally observed pKa values. The experimental and theoretical values were found in close agreement. The results obtained in this research would help to predict the good absorption of the studied compounds and can be selected as lead molecules for the synthesis of CNS active agents because of their lipophilic nature especially compound VII.

Ayurvedic and herbal plaque control agents in gingivitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Since the effectiveness of ayurvedic and herbal plaque control agents in reducing plaque in gingivitis is inconsistent across multiple trials, we conducted a study to evaluate their overall effect on dental plaque index (PI), gingival index, and bacterial colony counts (CC) of debris in gingivitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched major electronic biomedical databases (PubMed/Medline, CAM-QUEST®, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) from August 2004 to August 2021 for randomized control trials on gingivitis using ayurvedic, herbal plaque control agents, and oil pulling therapy as interventions. We grouped comparable outcome parameters of similar products and estimated the standard mean difference (SMD) for pooled effect size with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using RevMan 5.4.1 software. Risk-of-bias (ROB) assessment followed the Cochrane Collaboration's recommended approach. RESULTS: We found 554 articles of 2,806 patients after searching of which 41 randomized clinical trials were considered for meta-analysis. Ayurvedic plaque control agents (Plaque index (PI): SMD = -0.52, 95% CI (-0.94, -0.11); CC: SMD = -1.70, 95% CI (-5.06, 1.67)), (Oil pulling therapy: PI: SMD = -0.38, 95% CI (-1.45, 0.68); CC: SMD = -1.04, 95% CI (-2.20, 0.11)), (Herbal plaque control agents: PI: SMD = -0.58, 95% CI (-1.55, 0.39)), (Triphala: PI: SMD = -0.65, 95% CI (-1.32, 0.03)) were found as good as control. Significant reduction in the gingival index and bacterial colony count was also seen. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to conventional dental care, ayurvedic and herbal plaque control agents may help in plaque reduction, gingival inflammation, and bacterial growth. They are safe and may be recommended in community dentistry practices.(PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021274656).

Clinical Assessment of Bone Quality at Implant Site using CBCT and Hounsfield Unit.

Objectives: The current research was done to assess the bone quality at implant site using CBCT. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 50 partially edentulous patients of both genders. All subjects had their chests scanned using a Kodac machine set to 120 kVp, 12 mA, and a 17-second exposure time. Using Hounsfield units, bone quality was classified as D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 (HU). Result: Out of 50 patients, 27 were males and 23 were females. The average HU was 786.1 at the anterior maxilla, 1174.3 at the anterior mandible, 332.1 at the posterior maxilla, and 742.4 at the posterior mandible. The variation was considerable (P-0.01). Conclusion: The anterior mandible, anterior maxilla, posterior mandible, and posterior maxilla were found to have the highest densities. Based on Hounsfield units, CBCT is helpful in determining the bone density at the implant site.

Comparison of Single vs Combination Drug Therapy in Extensively Drug Resistant Salmonella typhi: An Observational Study from Pakistan.

Introduction: Antibiotic resistance has become a significant problem in typhoid fever due to the emergence of extensively drug resistant (XDR) Salmonella enterica serovar typhi. In Pakistan, an outbreak of ceftriaxone-resistant typhoid was first reported in November 2016. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted at Liaquat National Hospital and Medical University, in Karachi, Pakistan. Patient records were identified from the microbiology laboratory data of all admitted patients who had blood culture positive for XDR Salmonella typhi from January 2017 to December 2019. Results: Out of 254 patients, 179 (70%) were male with an average age of 11.7 ± 10.9 years. Around 190 (74%) patients were treated with combination therapy, 126 (49%) were given azithromycin and meropenem and 61 (24%) received azithromycin and imipenem. A total of 64 (25%) patients received single drug therapy, 33 (12%) were given azithromycin, 23 (9%) meropenem, and 8 (3%) imipenem. Analysis indicated that single drug therapy resulted in an earlier onset of defervescence compared with combination therapy (5.03±2.98 days vs 3.45±2.48 days; P <0.001), with a decreased occurrence of pancytopenia (P <0.001). Conclusion: Single antimicrobial therapy achieved defervescence earlier than combination therapy, with carbapenems performing better than azithromycin.

Systematic Review on the Effects of Prompt Antibiotic Treatment on Survival in Septic Shock and Sepsis Patients in Different Hospital Settings.

This study aims to determine the impact of prompt administration of antibiotics in evaluating the prognosis of patients with septic shock or sepsis. On January 1, 2022, we searched the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases for English-language articles regarding when antibiotics should be administered to patients with septic shock or sepsis. These articles were required to be published between 2010 and 2021. The primary objective was sudden or expected death from any cause at a specified time. In the study, 154,330 patients from 35 sepsis trials were included. In 19 trials, the effectiveness of antibiotics administered to 20,062 patients was evaluated. Of those, 16,652 received the correct medications. In 24 studies, the length of time it took to administer antibiotics was associated with an increased mortality rate. In fourteen studies, the time limits associated with patient outcomes ranged from 1 to 125 minutes to three to six hours. In eight studies, there were hourly delays, and in two, the time it took to receive an antibiotic played a role. Separately analyzed, the outcomes for septic shock (12,756 patients in 11 trials) and sepsis (24,282 patients in six studies) were identical. Two-thirds of sepsis studies discovered a correlation between early antibiotic treatment and the patient's prognosis. However, antimicrobial timing metrics varied significantly between studies, and there were no clear time limits.

Correlation of Depression and Anxiety With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Background Psychiatric comorbidity with a chronic disease is linked with poor patient outcomes. Therefore, the current research assessed the correlation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with depression and anxiety disorders.  Methodology A prospective observational study was undertaken at a public sector hospital between December 2020 to June 2021. All individuals who presented with rheumatoid arthritis were included in the study. A healthy cohort acted as the control group. Depression and anxiety were assessed using the Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) and the Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A), respectively. The patients were inquired about their gender, age, and duration of RA. Further stratification was done using the Chi-squared test. A p-value of <0.05 was decided as the cut-off for significance. All data from the patients were collected in a predefined pro forma.  Results A total of 169 patients with RA and 85 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The mean depression score among patients with RA was 19.65 ± 1.44 versus 14.4 ± 1.31 in the control group (p<0.001). Moreover, the mean anxiety score in patients with RA was 19.44 ± 2.4. About 71% of patients with RA were diagnosed with psychiatric issues, while only 7.1% of individuals in the control group had either depression or anxiety (p<0.0001). Furthermore, it was found that the majority of the patients with RA had depression with a frequency of 70 (58.3%), while only six participants in the control group had depression. None of the participants had moderate or severe depression. However, 16 (69.6%) patients with RA had major anxiety issues. In 27 patients, mixed anxiety-depression disease was diagnosed. Out of these, 23 (85.2%) had the depression-dominant mixed disorder.  Conclusion The present study highlighted the alarming incidence of depression and anxiety among patients with RA. Furthermore, it also indicated the relationship between severity of psychiatric comorbidity with chronic rheumatoid arthritis in our population. Further large-scale studies are needed to ascertain the demographic confounders that may help predict psychiatric disorders among patients with RA.

Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Newly Diagnosed Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with various autoimmune disorders, including thyroid dysfunction. However, local data studying the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in newly diagnosed RA patients are limited. METHODS:  This case-control study was conducted between January 2019 to December 2020 in the Internal Medicine Department of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences. The study group of 400 newly diagnosed patients with RA was enrolled in the study. Another 400 patients without the diagnosis of RA, adjusted for age and gender, were enrolled in the study as a control group and their thyroid functions were compared. RESULTS: Patients with RA had more participants with thyroid dysfunction compared to patients without RA (25.25% vs. 11.5%; p-value: 0.00001). In addition, more patients with RA had concomitant primary hypothyroidism compared to the control group (7.75% vs. 2.5%; p-value: 0.0007). Furthermore, patients with RA also had a higher prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (13.0% vs. 5.5%; p-value: 0.0002). CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that thyroid dysfunction is significantly prevalent in patients with RA. Based on our findings, it is suggested that management and follow-up of RA patients should include the screening of thyroid auto-antibodies and thyroid dysfunction.

Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients With Hepatitis C.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis C has been linked to a multitude of autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease, cryoglobulinemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjögren's syndrome. In this study, efforts were made to draw a parallel between hepatitis C and thyroid dysfunction. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted between June 2020 and March 2021 in the gastroenterology ward of a tertiary care hospital. We enrolled 300 hepatitis C-positive patients in this study through consecutive convenient non-probability sampling. In addition, 300 patients without hepatitis C were signed up as a control group. Blood sampling for thyroid function tests was conducted via phlebotomy from the cubital vein and the samples were dispatched to the laboratory for further study. RESULTS: The control group had more euthyroid patients as compared to patients with hepatitis C (74.6% vs. 89.6%; p-value: <0.01). Hepatitis C patients had more cases of primary hypothyroidism compared to the control group (10.6% vs. 4.6%; p-value: 0.005). Similarly, patients with hepatitis C had a higher prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism compared to the control group (6.0% vs. 1.3%; p-value: 0.002). CONCLUSION: Hepatitis C patients have a high frequency of thyroid dysfunction, particularly primary hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism. Therefore, it is important to ensure regular screening for early prognosis and avoid treatment modalities that are known to cause thyroid abnormalities.

Association of Plasma Omentin-1 Levels With Diabetes and Its Complications.

INTRODUCTION: Plasma omentin-1 is a relatively new biomarker that has anti-diabetogenic and its level is inversely related with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, thus, increasing the risk of diabetic complications. In this study, we will determine the association between serum plasma omentin-1 levels and diabetes and its complications. METHODS: This case control study was conducted from July 2020 to August 2021 in the internal medicine unit of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. There was a total of three groups, each comprising 250 patients. One group was type 2 diabetic patients with complications, the second group was type 2 diabetic patients without complications, and the third group was the control group, i.e. participants without type 2 diabetes. Their plasma omentin-1 levels were compared. RESULTS: Patients with diabetic complications had significantly lower serum omentin levels than patients without complications (59.01 ± 9.21 ug/dL vs. 75.72 ± 14.11 ug/L; p-value: <0.0001). Patients with diabetes had significantly lower serum omentin levels in comparison to patients without diabetes (75.72 ± 14.11 ug/dL vs. 90.12 ± 17.89 ug/L; p-value: <0.0001). CONCLUSION: Based on our study, plasma omentin-1 is negatively associated with diabetes and its complications. Therefore, adequate levels of omentin-1 are needed in order to prevent diabetic complications.

Aneurysm of anomalous splenic artery arising from a splenomesenteric trunk: Review of the literature with a report of a new case.

INTRODUCTION: Aneurysm of splenic artery arising from splenomesentric trunk is an extremely rare condition. The aim of this study is to report a new case with literature review. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 52-year-old housewife presented with mild central abdominal pain for two month duration. Abdomen was soft. Abdominal ultrasound examination showed a focal aneurysmal dilatation in the splenic artery (SA) near the portal vein. Abdominal computed tomographic angiography (CTA) revealed presence of the splenomesentric trunk with fusiform aneurysm (45 × 33 mm) of the proximal part of the SA. In supine position, through upper midline laparotomy incision, exploration of both superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and SA was performed, total excision of the aneurysm was done, the SMA was side-repaired and SA was ligated. The post-operative period was uneventful. DISCUSSION: It is interesting to note that orthotopic SA aneurysms, most commonly present in the distal third of the artery, followed by the middle third, while in cases of splenomesentric trunk, all reported cases of anomalous SA aneurysms including the current one, showed the aneurysms to be located in the proximal portion or root of the SA. CONCLUSION: Splenomesentric trunk is a rare anatomical anomaly, aneurysm of which is even rarer. It can be managed either by endovascular intervention or open surgery.

Streptococcus pyogenes strains associated with invasive and non-invasive infections present possible links with emm types and superantigens.

OBJECTIVES: Streptococcus pyogenes, a notorious human pathogen is responsible to cause a wide range of infections varies from superficial common clinical illness to severe and life threatening infections. To our knowledge this is the first report exploring the emm types and superantigen/exotoxin gene profile of S. pyogenes from Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 89 S. pyogenes strains were collected predominantly from throat swabs followed by pus, tissues and wound swabs. Profile of five superantigen genes speA, speB, speC, speF and ssa was screened for all the emm types. RESULTS: Extensive heterogeneity among S. pyogenes strains was indicated, revealing 34 different emm types/ subtypes. The most prevalent emm types were emm68 and emm104. Some of the emm types were exclusively isolated from invasive infections while others were isolated only from non-invasive infections indicating the possible link between emm types and invasive/ noninvasive infections. Similarly, erythromycin-resistant strains mainly belonged to three particular emm types. Multiplex PCR analysis indicated the presence of speB 100%, speF 76%, speC 20%, speA 18% and ssa 15%. Interestingly, superantigen genes speC and speA were mainly associated with invasive infections. Among the five superantigens tested, one strain of emm12 harbored all the analyzed exotoxin genes, while 4 strains carried 4 superantigen genes. CONCLUSION: S. pyogenes clones associated with invasive and non-invasive infections in Pakistan present differences in emm types, superantigens and antimicrobial resistance. The present data indicates the possible link between particular genetic lineage of a bacterium with the manifestation of the infection.

Biophysical investigation of promethazine hydrochloride binding with micelles of biocompatible gemini surfactants: Combination of spectroscopic and electrochemical analysis.

Knowledge of binding parameters for drug and surfactant complexations is crucially vital in order to design effective drug carrier systems with requisite features. To this end, this work was designed to demonstrate the biophysical characterization of the interaction of a phenothiazine drug promethazine hydrochloride (PMT) with relatively lower cytotoxic and easily degradable biomimetic micellar self-assemblies of oxy-diester functionalized gemini surfactants (Cm-E2O-Cm, m = 12, 14 and 16), possessing different hydrophobic character. The binding propensity of Cm-E2O-Cm increases upon increasing the hydrophobic tail length as manifested through both intrinsic fluorescence and absorption spectral profiles of PMT ̶ Cm-E2O-Cm, showing 1:1 stoichiometry. Ksv values also follow the trend of increasing hydrophobic character (i.e., C12-E2O-C12 < C14-E2O-C14 < C16-E2O-C16). Moreover, the determined thermodynamic parameters, particularly the positive values of ΔHbo and ΔSbo, reveal that the involved complexations are dominated by the hydrophobic interactions. In addition, micropolarity assay was done to deduce the microenvironmental changes upon PMT ̶ Cm-E2O-Cm complexations. Beside this, comparative appraisal of all the three systems helps to underpin a reasonable knowledge of the effect of structural variation of surfactants on their binding ability with drug which, in turn, may also open new avenues for the designing of potential tunable drug carrier systems.

Enterococcal Meningitis/Ventriculitis: A Tertiary Care Experience.

CONTEXT: Enterococcal meningitis is very rare among bacterial meningitis and has variable clinical outcomes. AIMS: The purpose of the current study is to evaluate clinical features, therapeutic options with susceptibility profile, and outcomes of enterococcal meningitis in a tertiary care hospital. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all patients with enterococcal meningitis over the periods of 4 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The clinical and laboratory data of all patients with enterococcal meningitis were evaluated between 2013 and 2016. RESULTS: Six cases of enterococcal meningitis were found (three infant and three adults). All patients developed meningitis after neurosurgical procedures, and majority of patients (four out of six) had central nervous system (CNS) devices in situ at the time of development of meningitis. The causative organism isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture of all patients was Enterococcus species only. All Enterococcus spp. were resistant to ampicillin, Amoxicillin-clavulanate, and oxytetracycline and two isolates were also resistant to vancomycin. Four patients with vancomycin-sensitive Enterococcus spp. were treated with vancomycin alone for mean periods of 18 days (14-21 days). One patient with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) meningitis was treated with linezolid alone, and another one requires combination with rifampicin to achieve microbiological clearance of CSF. CNS devices were removed in all patients. No mortality was reported in current case series. CONCLUSIONS: Enterococcal meningitis is very uncommon, mostly associated with neurosurgical intervention. Early treatment is associated with favorable outcomes. Removal of CNS devices is recommended to achieve a clinical cure.

"Is our choice of empirical antibiotics appropriate for patients with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in breast abscess?"

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Breast abscesses remain as one of the most common reasons for females to come for a surgical consult. This retrospective cohort study includes both lactating and non-lactating females with breast abscesses. Due to changing trends in bacteriology of organisms, we need to reconsider our empirical choices of antibiotics. In our study, the main causative organism in breast abscess was Staphylococcus aureus with predominant species being MRSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an analytical review of all breast abscesses treated in a single center from 2012 to 2015. This study included bacterial cultures, antibiotic sensitivities and resistance pattern in breast abscesses. RESULTS: 268 patients were included in the study. 143 (53.4%) were Lactational abscesses and 125 (46.6%) were non-Lactational abscesses. 169 (63.0%) harbored S. aureus in which 86 (50.8%) were MRSA. MRSA was the predominant organism in the Lactational group while non-Lactational group had no growth or other organisms in culture in this study. Other growing organisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacteroides, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus species and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. On comparative analysis, MRSA showed statistically a significant difference with p<0.0001, when it comes to predominant growth in lactating mothers. First line prescribed empirical antibiotics received by the patient, which is amoxicillin clavulanate, is mostly resistant. It is recommended that the institutional antibiogram targeted treatment be offered to patients with breast abscess. We also recommend ciprofloxacin with clindamycin as initial empirical therapy. CONCLUSION: MRSA was the most common organism seen in breast abscesses. Our first line treatment of antibiotics was resistant. Clindamycin and ciprofloxacin should be the preferred 1st choice for treatment.

Unraveling the interaction of hemoglobin with a biocompatible and cleavable oxy-diester-functionalized gemini surfactant.

Surfactant-protein mixtures have attracted considerable research interest in recent years at the interface of chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. Herein, the interaction between a green gemini surfactant (C16-E2O-C16) and a redox protein hemoglobin was examined through a series of in vitro experimental techniques with an attempt to provide a comprehensive knowledge of the surfactant-protein binding interactions. Quantitative appraisal of the fluorescence/CV data showed that the binding of C16-E2O-C16 to Hb leads to the formation of thermodynamically favorable non-covalent adduct with 1:1 stoichiometry. UV-vis spectra demonstrated that the effect of C16-E2O-C16 on Hb is highly concentration dependent. Far-UV and near-UV CD spectra together elucidated the formation of molten globule state of Hb upon C16-E2O-C16 addition. Temperature dependent CD explicated the effect of C16-E2O-C16 on the thermal stability of Hb. Furthermore, the structural investigation of Hb via pyrene/synchronous/three-dimensional fluorescence and FT-IR spectroscopy provided the complementary information related to its microenvironmental and conformational changes. Computational studies delineated that C16-E2O-C16 binds in the vicinity of ß-37 Trp at the α1ß2 interface of Hb. Overall, this study is expected to clarify the binding mechanism between Hb/other congeners and surfactant at the molecular level that are known to have immense potential in biomedical and industrial areas.

Biophysical perspective of the binding of ester-functionalized gemini surfactants with catalase.

Interaction of surfactants with biomacromolecules is an essential subject of biophysical chemistry to address their diverse applications in industry, biomedical, and cosmetic domains. In this context, we have examined the binding interactions of three ester-functionalized surfactants (m-E2-m) with bovine liver catalase (BLC, 10µM) by employing a multi-technique approach. The m-E2-m geminis quench fluorescence intensity of BLC through static procedure. The binding ability of concerned gemini surfactants was found to be in the order 12-E2-12 (Kb=2.3×10(2))>16-E2-16 (Kb=1.1×10(2))>14-E2-14 (Kb=1.0×10(2)). Quenching efficacy, as determined by Ksv values, were observed as 12-E2-12 (3.0×10(2))>16-E2-16 (1.4×10(2))>14-E2-14 (1.0×10(2)). The negative ΔG°b values (12-E2-12 (-13.48kJ/mol)>16-E2-16 (-11.65kJ/mol)>14-E2-14 (-11.41kJ/mol)) indicate spontaneous nature of m-E2-m-BLC interactions. UV-vis spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) and micropolarity (F1/F3) assessments indicate conformational changes in BLC upon m-E2-m combination. ITC confirms the stability of BLC upon gemini combination. Docking provides support to fluorescence results by presenting the localization site of m-E2-m surfactants near to aromatic residues (mainly Tyr, Trp and Phe). Moreover, since surfactant-protein interactions have essential miscellaneous implications, therefore, this study can be significant for industrial and biomedical realms.