RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Injection force requirements for four insulin pen-type injection devices were evaluated using the AGS-IkNG Autograph force measurement device (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). RESULTS: Compared with the Humulin Pen (the Japanese brand name is Humacart kit; the same device as the Humalog Pen; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN), HumaPen Ergo (Eli Lilly), and NovoPen 3 (Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark), the InnoLet(Novo Nordisk) required the lowest injection force to both initiate piston movement and commence insulin delivery and required the lowest overall force throughout delivery. InnoLet and NovoPen 3 showed the most even load-displacement curves, suggesting a smoother delivery of insulin during injection. In contrast, the Humulin Pen and HumaPen Ergo demonstrated marked fluctuations in the force required to complete injection. CONCLUSIONS: These performance characteristics appeared consistent with mechanical features of these insulin delivery devices, and the results highlight the potential importance of careful pen selection for patients with neuromuscular weakness or impaired manual coordination.
Assuntos
Injeções Subcutâneas/instrumentação , Injeções Subcutâneas/métodos , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Estresse Mecânico , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Desenho de Equipamento , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas/normas , Insulina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Top-up operation allows SPring-8 to provide highly stable X-ray beams with arbitrary filling patterns. The implementation of top-up operation is described, with a focus on the simultaneous achievement of stability of stored current, beam orbit, purity of an isolated single bunch, and beam injection efficiency. Stored-current fluctuations have been routinely reduced to a level of 10(-3). Stored-beam oscillation on frequent beam injection, which was originally regarded as the most serious problem, has been successfully suppressed to a sufficiently low level that it never perturbs imaging experiments. Current impurities in nominally empty buckets have been reduced to a level of 10(-9) over more than one week of operation, making possible the measurement of time-resolved spectra using high-current bunches. Finally, excellent injection efficiency, higher than 80%, is routinely obtained, even for small undulator gaps, which is critical for preventing radiation damage to insertion-device magnets and to reduce leakage radiation. The process of achieving highly stabilized top-up operation at SPring-8 and its utility for user experiments are described.