[Prevalence of VRN1 Locus Alleles among Spring Common Wheat Cultivars Cultivated in Western Siberia].

With the use of allele-specific primers developed for the VRN1 loci, the allelic diversity of the VRN-A1, VRN-B1, and VRN-D1 genes was studied in 148 spring common wheat cultivars cultivated under the conditions of Western Siberia. It was demonstrated that modern Western Siberian cultivars have the VRN-A1a allele, which is widely distributed in the world (alone or in combination with the VRN-B1a and VRN-B1c alleles). It was established that the main contribution in acceleration of the.seedling-heading time is determined by a dominant VRN-A1a allele, while the VRN-A1b allele, on the contrary, determines later plant heading. Cultivars that have the VRN-A1b allele in the genotype are found with a frequency of 8%. It was shown that cultivars with different allele combinations of two dominant genes (VRN-A1a + VRN-B1c and VRN-A1a + VRN-B1a) are characterized by earlier heading and maturing.

[Chromosome composition of wheat-rye lines and the influence of rye chromosomes on disease resistance and agronomic traits].

Identification of the chromosomal composition of common wheat lines with rye chromosomes was carried out using genomic in situ hybridization and 1RS- and 5P-specific PCR markers. It was demonstrated that wheat chromosomes 5A or 5D were substituted by rye chromosome 5R in the wheat-rye lines. It was established that one of the lines with complex disease resistance contained rye chromosome 5R and T1RS.1BL, while another line was found to contain, in addition to T1RS.1BL, a new Robertsonian translocation, T5AS.5RL. Substitution of the wheat chromosome 5A with the dominant Vrn-A1 gene for the Onokhoiskaya rye chromosome 5R led to lengthening of the germination-heading period or to a change in the type of development. A negative influence of T1RS.1BL on SDS sedimentation volume and grain hardness was demonstrated, along with a positive effect of the combination of T1RS. BL and 5R(5D) substitution on grain protein content. Quantitative traits of the 5R(5A) and 5R(5D) substitution lines were at the level of recipient cultivars. A line with two translocations, T1RS.1BL + T5AS.5R1, appeared to be more productive as compared to the line carrying T1RS.1BL in combination with the 5R(5D) substitution.

[Influence of Vrn-B1a and Vrn-B1c alleles on length of developmental phases of substitution and near-isogenic lines of common wheat].

The influence of Vrn-B1a and Vrn-B1c alleles on the length of developmental phases in lines of winter cv. Sava with intervarietal substitution of chromosomes 5B and near-isogenic lines (NILs) with these loci in the genetic background of winter cv. Bezostaya 1 is studied. We have confirmed that effects of Vrn genes appear on the tillering phase and that the response to vernalization and shortening of day length can change the duration of this phase. We have shown that, after vernalization and under short-day conditions, the Vrn-B1a allele has the strongest effect on the length of the tillering phase. After vernalization, in the late substitution line Sava (Diamant II 5B) with the Vrn-B1a allele, the length of the tillering decreased more strongly after 6 days than in the earlier Sava line (Saratovskaya 29 5B) with the Vrn-B1c allele. After the length of the day shortens, in late NIL i:Bez1 Vrn-B1a, the length of the tillering phase and period of stem elongation--heading increased more strongly for 13 and 5 days, respectively than in the early i:Bez1 Vrn-B1c line. The study of F1 hybrids between substitution and isogenic lines, the growth habits of which are determined by both Vrn-B1a and Vrn-B1c alleles, had shown the dominance of the trait lateness, which is determined by the line with the Vrn-B1a allele. In F1 hybrids, between substitution lines, the length of tillering was similar to that of the line with Vrn-B1a and, in F1 hybrids between NILs, the length of tillering was intermediate between the parental lines.

[A cytogenetic study of the blue-grain line of the common wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29].

The chromosome composition of the blue-grain line i:S29Ba of the cultivar Saratovskaya 29 was identified by cytological, GISH, and microsatellite analyses and C-banding. It was found that common wheat chromosome 4B of the cultivar Saratovskaya 29 was substituted with the Agropyron elongatum Host. chromosome carrying the gene for blue grain (s:S294Ag(4B)) during the construction of this nearly isogenic line. The blue-grain line was tested for productivity. The substitution of total chromosome 4B of the cultivar Saratovskaya 29 by Ag. elongatum chromosome 4 did not significantly affect the spike productivity parameters and grain quality with the exception of spike length (plus effect), spike density, and vitreousness (minus effects). The blue-grain line with s:S294Ag(4B) can be used in further studies associated with chromosome engineering in cereals and wheat breeding.

[The role of chromosomes from homeologous group 5 in regulation of grain hardness and protein content in substitution lines of common wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29].

Genetic regulation of grain hardness and protein content in intervarietal substitution lines for chromosomes of homeologous group 5 was examined. Common wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29 with high bread-backing properties served as the recipient. Donors of chromosomes 5A and 5D were 18 cultivars with variable traits examined, including high-protein cultivars (Atlas 66 and Diamant 2), and soft-grain cultivars (Ul'yanovka and Chinese Spring). Analysis of substitution lines pointed to a substantial effect of chromosome 5D on the regulation of both traits. It was demonstrated that as a result of intervarietal substitution for chromosome 5D from donor cultivars Ul'yanovka and Chinese Spring, the endosperm softness was increased compared to the recipient cultivar Saratovskaya 29. Substitution lines Saratovskaya 29/Atlas 66 5D and Saratovskaya 29/Diamant 2 5D were characterized by high grain protein content, as well as by high endosperm softness. In addition, the line Saratovskaya 29/Novosibirskaya 67 5D, characterized by grain hardness higher than in Saratovskaya 29, was isolated. In the lines with intervarietal substitution of chromosome 5A, grain protein content was found to be lower than in recipient cultivar Saratovskaya 29.

[Analysis of spike productivity traits in near-isogenic lines of the common wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29 carrying alien marker genes].

Six near-isogenic lines of the wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29 carrying five marker genes from different species (Triticum compactum L., T. polonicum L., T. petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch., Aegilops elongatum Host. and Secale cereale L.) were studied. It was shown that the introduced marker genes of taxonomic significance, C and P, have strong pleiotropic effects on quantitative traits of the spike productivity.

[Features of alloplasmic wheat-barley substitution and addition lines (Hordeum marinum subsp. gussoneanum)-triticum aestivum].

Two alloplasmic wheat-barley substitution lines were studied: a line replaced at three pairs of chromosomes 1Hmr((IB), 5Hmar(5D), and 7Hmar(7D), and the disomic-substituted line 7Hma(7D). The lines were constructed on the basis of individual plants from BCIF8- and BC2F6 progeny of barley-wheat hybrids (H. marinum subsp. gussoneanum Hudson (=H. geniculatum All.) (2n = 28) x T. aestivum L.) (2n = 42) (Pyrotrix 28), respectively. Moreover, the alloplasmic wheat-barley ditelosomic addition line 7HLma' isolated among plants from the BC1F6 progeny of a barley-wheat amphiploid was studied, which in this work corresponds to BC2F10 and BC2F11 progeny. It was ascertained that when grown in the field, these alloplasmic lines manifest stable self-fertility. Plants of the given lines are characterized by low height, shortened ears, the fewer number of stems and ears, and of spikelets in the ear, by decreased grain productivity and weight of 1000 grains, in comparison with the common wheat cultivar Pyrotrix 28. The inhibition of trait expression in alloplasmic wheat-barley substitution and addition lines may be connected not only with the influence of wild barley chromosomes functioning in the genotypic environment of common wheat, but also with the effect of the barley cytoplasm. The alloplasmic line with substitution of chromosomes 1Hmar(1B), 5Hmar(5D), and 7Hmar(7D) or the alloplasmic line 7HLmar with ditelosomic addition have, in comparison with the common wheat cultivar Pyrotrix 28, an increased grain protein content, which is explained by the effect of wild barley H. marinum subsp. gussoneanum chromosomes.

[Genetic analysis of anthocyanin of the anthers and culm pigmentation in common wheat].

Anthocyanin pigmentation of various organs develops during plant ontogeny in response to adverse and damaging abiotic and biotic stressors (environmental factors). Using the monosome method, the genes responsible for anther and culm anthocyanin pigmentation (Pan1 and Pc2, respectively) were localized to 7D chromosome in introgressive lines from crosses between common wheat Triticum aestivum L. and the species Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. Genetic analysis of ten common wheat genotypes using testers carrying genes Pan1, Pn1, and Pn2 showed that these genotypes contained Pan1 and Pn2 genes. Visual examination of plants from 70 and 76 varieties of respectively winter and spring common wheat revealed anthocyanin pigmentation of anthers and culms in 36 varieties. Pan1 and Pn2 genes were presumably introduced into common wheat from Aegilops tauschii (Fig.) Tzvel., a donor of the D genome.

[Resistance to fungal diseases in hybrid progeny from crosses between common wheat variety Saratovskaia 29 and the amphidiploid Triticum timopheevii/Triticum tauschii (AAGGDD)]. / Izuchenie ustoichivosti k gribnym bolezniam potomstv gibridov ot skreshchivaniia sorta miagkoi pshenitsy Saratovskaia 29 s amfidiploidom--Triticum timopheevii/Triticum tauschii (AAGGDD).

The progeny of BC6F2-BC9F(2)-4 has been analyzed for resistance to brown rust (Lr genes) and powdery mildew (Pm genes). This progeny was obtained due to introgression of the alien material from the synthetic hexaploid wheat Triticum timopheevii/Aegilops squarrosa (= Triticum tauschii AAGGDD, 2n = 42) into the common wheat variety Saratovskaya 29. Against the background of natural infection, the lines resistant to both diseases and to either of them were developed. The brown-rust and powdery-mildew resistance is controlled by one/two effective independent genes Lr and Pm.

[Effect of the 5R(5A) alien chromosome substitution on the growth habit and winter hardiness of wheat]. / Vliianie chuzherodnogo zameshcheniia khromosom 5R(5A) na obraz zhizni i zimostoikost' pshenitsy.

The growth habit, ear emergence time, and frost tolerance of wheat/rye substitution lines have been studied in cultivars Rang and Mironovskaya Krupnozernaya whose chromosome 5A is substituted with chromosome 5R of Onkhoyskaya rye. Hybrid analysis has demonstrated that the spring habit of the recipient cultivars Rang and Mironovskaya Krupnozernaya is controlled by dominant gene Vrn-A1 located in chromosome 5A. Onokhoyskaya rye has a dominant gene for the spring habit (Sp1) located in chromosome 5R. It has been found that the resultant 5R(5A) alien-substitution lines have a winter type of development and ears do not emerge during summer in plants sown in spring. The change in growth habit has been shown to be related to the absence of the rye Spl gene expression in the substitution lines. The winter hardiness of winter 5R(5A) alien-substitution lines has been studied under the environmental conditions of Novosibirsk. Testing the lines in the first winter demonstrated that their winter survival is 20-27%. The possible presence of the frost resistance gene homeoallelic to the known genes Fr1 and Fr2 of the common wheat located on chromosomes 5A and 5D, respectively, is discussed.

[Construction of immune lines with complex resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew in common spring wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29]. / Sozdanie immunnykh linii sorta miagkoi pshenitsy Saratovskaia 29 s kompleksnoi ustoichivost'iu k gribam buroi rrhavchiny i muchinistoi rosy.

Immune lines resistant both to leaf rust and to powdery mildew were constructed on the basis of common wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29. Synthetic wheat Triticum timopheevii/Aegilops squarrosa (AAGGDD, 2n = 42) of Savov (Bulgaria) was used as a source of resistance genes. Using cytological analysis of BC2, we selected resistant plants (21") free from meiosis 1 (M1) defects. With these plants and continuous selection, BC8-BC9 immune lines were obtained. The lines were shown to carry new resistance genes differing from the known ones, and were proposed as donors of immunity to the diseases.

[Comparative genetic analysis of the hexaploid wheat Triticum petropavlovskyi Udasz. et Migusch. and Triticum aestivum L]. / Sravnitel'no-geneticheskii analiz geksaploidnykh pshenits Triticum petropavlovskyi Udasz. et Migusch. i Triticum aestivum L.

A poorly studied species of hexaploid wheat Triticum petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch. was compared with common wheat Triticum aestivum L. by means of monosomic and genetic analyses of F2 hybrids. Triticum petropavlovskyi was found to carry 13 dominant genes determining its morphological and physiological characters and regular bivalent conjugation of chromosomes. These genes were allelic to the respective genes of common wheat and were located in the same chromosomes. The modes of gene interaction were also the same. There was simple dominance for most genes studied and complementary interaction for the genes of hybrid dwarfism and hybrid necrosis. Triticum petropavlovskyi had the following dominant genes: Hg (downy glume); Rg1 (red glume color); Hl (downy leaf); Hn (downy node); Pa (pubescent auricles); Q (speltlike ears); D1 (grass-clump dwarfism); Ne1 (hybrid necrosis); Ph1 and Ph2 (genes of bivalent conjugation preventing homoeologous chromosomes from pairing); and Vrn1, Vrn2, Vrn3, and Vrn4 (genes of the spring habit). The gene Vrn1, which caused an increase in ear emergence time and a pronounced response to vernalization, was poorly expressed. T. petropavlovskyi was earlier demonstrated to have a species-specific gene P or Eg (elongated glume), which was not allelic to the gene Eg of the tetraploid T. polonicum L. The data obtained indicate that T. petropavlovskyi has originated from T. aestivum via mutations.

[Analysis of isogenic lines of the soft wheat carrying dominant alleles of Bg, Hg, and Rg1 genes using microsatellite and protein markers]. / Analiz izogennykh linii miagkoi pshenitsy, nesushchikh dominantnye alleli genov Bg, Hg i Rg1, s pomoshch'iu mikrosatellitnykh i belkovykh markerov.

To determine tight linkage between morphological and molecular markers of the first homologous group of chromosomes of common wheat, microsatellite analysis of six near-isogenic lines with marker dominant alleles controlling back color (Bg; 1AS) and hairy glume (Hg; 1AS) and two lines bearing the dominant alleles of the gene for red glume color (Rgl; 1BS) was conducted. The component composition of gliadins in these lines was studied. Tight linkage of Bg, Hg, and Gli-A1 genes with a microsatellite marker Xgwm136 (1AS) and of Rg1 and Gli-B1 genes with markers Xgwm33 and Xgwm550 (1BS) was shown. Based on the results obtained and literature data, the most probable order of morphological and molecular markers on chromosomes of common wheat was determined. On chromosome 1AS, from the centromere to the telomere, the markers are located as follows: Xgwm136-Gli-A1-BgHg; on chromosome 1BS, in the same direction: Xgwm33-Gli-B1-Rg1-Xgwm550.

Comparative mapping of genes for glume colouration and pubescence in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Microsatellite markers were used to map the major genes Bg (determining black glume colour), Rg1 and Rg3 (red glume), and a locus determining smokey-grey coloured glume to the distal ends of the short arms of the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes, proximally (or closely linked) to Xgwm1223 and distal to Xgwm0033. On this basis, we propose that these genes represent a set of homoeoloci, designated Rg-A1, Rg-B1, and Rg-D1. Rg3 and Bg appear to be variant alleles of Rg-A1. Both Rg3 and Bg are closely linked with the major glume pubescence gene Hg. Similarly, the hexaploid wheat smokey-grey glume gene and Rg2 represent alleles at Rg-D1. The microsatellite markers linked to the Rg genes were used to analyse a phenotypically and genotypically characterized set of Siberian spring wheats. A coincidence between the presence of the 264-bp allele of Xgwm0136 and Rg-A1b (Rg3) was observed; so Xgwm0136 can probably be used as a diagnostic marker for this gene.