A unified mechanism for ice and water electrical conductivity from direct current to terahertz.

Knowledge of the electrical properties of liquid and solid water is extremely important for a detailed understanding of their structures. Though the macroscopic parameters differ, ice and water still have much in common from the dielectric spectroscopy viewpoint and should thus be considered on the same footing for the study of their electrical properties. In this work, we treat the complete dielectric spectra of ice and water, covering fourteen orders in frequency magnitude. Introducing the notion of 'excess proton gas' we explain the similarities between ice and water, and derive a model which links together the infrared vibrations and the static conductivity and dielectric constant. This model provides a very good description of spectra up to 10 THz and reproduces well the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant for both ice and water. A new intermolecular polarization mechanism suitable for ice and water provides good insights for the understanding of their electrical properties.

Nanofluidic logic with mechano-ionic memristive switches.

Neuromorphic systems are typically based on nanoscale electronic devices, but nature relies on ions for energy-efficient information processing. Nanofluidic memristive devices could thus potentially be used to construct electrolytic computers that mimic the brain down to its basic principles of operation. Here we report a nanofluidic device that is designed for circuit-scale in-memory processing. The device, which is fabricated using a scalable process, combines single-digit nanometric confinement and large entrance asymmetry and operates on the second timescale with a conductance ratio in the range of 9 to 60. In operando optical microscopy shows that the memory capabilities are due to the reversible formation of liquid blisters that modulate the conductance of the device. We use these mechano-ionic memristive switches to assemble logic circuits composed of two interactive devices and an ohmic resistor.

Ionization Difference between Weak and Strong Electrolytes as Perturbed by Conductivity Spectra Analysis.

While the static structure of aqueous electrolytes has been studied for decades, their dynamic microscopic structure remains unresolved yet critical in many areas. We report a comparative study of dc and ac (1 Hz to 20 GHz) conductivity data of weak and strong electrolytes, highlighting previously missing differences and similarities. Based on these results, we introduce into consideration the intrinsic short-lived ions of water, namely, excess protons (H3O+) and proton holes (OH-). We show that the model accounting for the neutralization of these ions by the species of electrolyte explains the conductivity of aqueous solutions in the concentration range 10-7-10 M. Based on independent experimental data, we hypothesize that the aggregation of the species in weak electrolytes may determine the main difference between the conductivity of weak and strong electrolytes. Our results push forward the understanding of the dynamic structure of aqueous electrolyte solutions and are important to nanofluidic, biological, and electrochemical systems.

Confinement-Controlled Water Engenders Unusually High Electrochemical Capacitance.

The electrodynamics of nanoconfined water have been shown to change dramatically compared to bulk water, opening room for safe electrochemical systems. We demonstrate a nanofluidic "water-only" battery that exploits anomalously high electrolytic properties of pure water at firm confinement. The device consists of a membrane electrode assembly of carbon-based nanomaterials, forming continuously interconnected water-filled nanochannels between the separator and electrodes. The efficiency of the cell in the 1-100 nm pore size range shows a maximum energy density at 3 nm, challenging the region of the current metal-ion batteries. Our results establish the electrodynamic fundamentals of nanoconfined water and pave the way for low-cost and inherently safe energy storage solutions that are much needed in the renewable energy sector.

Nature-Inspired Stalactite Nanopores for Biosensing and Energy Harvesting.

Nature provides a wide range of self-assembled structures from the nanoscale to the macroscale. Under the right thermodynamic conditions and with the appropriate material supply, structures like stalactites, icicles, and corals can grow. However, the natural growth process is time-consuming. This work demonstrates a fast, nature-inspired method for growing stalactite nanopores using heterogeneous atomic deposition of hafnium dioxide at the orifice of templated silicon nitride apertures. The stalactite nanostructures combine the benefits of reduced sensing region typically for 2-dimensional material nanopores with the asymmetric geometry of capillaries, resulting in ionic selectivity, stability, and scalability. The proposed growing method provides an adaptable nanopore platform for basic and applied nanofluidic research, including biosensing, energy science, and filtration technologies.

The Three-Phase Contact Potential Difference Modulates the Water Surface Charge.

The surface charge of an open water surface is crucial for solvation phenomena and interfacial processes in aqueous systems. However, the magnitude of the charge is controversial, and the physical mechanism of charging remains incompletely understood. Here we identify a previously overlooked physical mechanism determining the surface charge of water. Using accurate charge measurements of water microdrops, we demonstrate that the water surface charge originates from the electrostatic effects in the contact line vicinity of three phases, one of which is water. Our experiments, theory, and simulations provide evidence that a junction of two aqueous interfaces (e.g., liquid-solid and liquid-air) develops a pH-dependent contact potential difference Δϕ due to the longitudinal charge redistribution between two contacting interfaces. This universal static charging mechanism may have implications for the origin of electrical potentials in biological, nanofluidic, and electrochemical systems and helps to predict and control the surface charge of water in various experimental environments.

Revealing excess protons in the infrared spectrum of liquid water.

The most common species in liquid water, next to neutral [Formula: see text] molecules, are the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ions. In a dynamic picture, their exact concentrations depend on the time scale at which these are probed. Here, using a spectral-weight analysis, we experimentally resolve the fingerprints of the elusive fluctuations-born short-living [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] ions in the IR spectra of light ([Formula: see text]), heavy ([Formula: see text]), and semi-heavy (HDO) water. We find that short-living ions, with concentrations reaching [Formula: see text] of the content of water molecules, coexist with long-living pH-active ions on the picosecond timescale, thus making liquid water an effective ionic liquid in femtochemistry.

Nonrotational Mechanism of Polarization in Alcohols.

Chemical polarity governs various mechanical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties of dielectrics. Polar liquids have been amply studied, yet the basic mechanisms underpinning their dielectric properties remain not fully understood, as standard models following Debye's phenomenological approach do not account for quantum effects and cannot aptly reproduce the full dc-up-to-THz spectral range. Here, using the illustrative case of monohydric alcohols, we show that deep tunneling and the consequent intermolecular separation of excess protons and "proton-holes" in the polar liquids govern their static and dynamic dielectric properties on the same footing. We performed systematic ultrabroadband (0-10 THz) spectroscopy experiments with monohydric alcohols of different (0.4-1.6 nm) molecular lengths and show that the finite lifetime of molecular species and the proton-hole correlation length are the two principle parameters responsible for the dielectric response of all the studied alcohols across the entire frequency range. Our results demonstrate that a quantum nonrotational intermolecular mechanism drives the polarization in alcohols while the rotational mechanism of molecular polarization plays a secondary role, manifesting itself in the sub-terahertz region only.