Therapeutic effects of medicinal plants and their constituents on lung cancer, in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence.

The most common type of cancer in the world is lung cancer. Traditional treatments have an important role in cancer therapy. In the present review, the most recent findings on the effects of medicinal plants and their constituents or natural products (NP) in treating lung cancer are discussed. Empirical studies until the end of March 2022 were searched using the appropriate keywords through the databases PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. The extracts and essential oils tested were all shown to effect lung cancer by several mechanisms including decreased tumour weight and volume, cell viability and modulation of cytokine. Some plant constituents increased expression of apoptotic proteins, the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase and subG0/G1 phase, and Cyt c levels. Also, natural products (NP) activate apoptotic pathways in lung cancer cell including p-JNK, Akt/mTOR, PI3/ AKT\ and Bax, Bcl2, but suppressed AXL phosphorylation. Plant-derived substances altered the cell morphology, reduced cell migration and metastasis, oxidative marker production, p-eIF2α and GRP78, IgG, IgM levels and reduced leukocyte counts, LDH, GGT, 5'NT and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Therefore, medicinal plant extracts and their constituents could have promising therapeutic value for lung cancer, especially if used in combination with ordinary anti-cancer drugs.

Inhibition of angiotensin pathway via valsartan reduces tumor growth in models of colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Overexpression of the angiotensin-II receptor and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been reported in several malignancies, including colorectal-cancer (CRC), indicating its potential value as a therapeutic target. Here we explored the impact of targeting the RAS using an angiotensin II receptor blocker, valsartan, alone and its combination with Fluorouracil (5-FU) in in vitro and in vivo models of CRC. METHODS: Anti-proliferative activity of valsartan was evaluated in 2-/3-dimensional in vitro and in vivo CRC mouse models. The anti-migratory effects of this agent was assessed by wound-healing assay, while apoptosis was studied using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole or DAPI staining, and staining with Annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate with analysis using FACS. Gene-expression was determined at mRNA and protein levels. We further evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of valsartan by histological analysis and the measurement of oxidative/antioxidant markers. Gelatin zymography was used to measure matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activity (MMP-2 and 9). RESULTS: Valsartan suppressed CRC cell-growth and synergistically enhanced the anti-tumor-activities of 5-FU by induction of apoptosis, BAX, BCL2, P53 and modulation of the cell cycle. Valsartan inhibited the cell migration by perturbation of MMP2/9. Furthermore, valsartan inhibited tumor-growth, and this was more pronounced when using the valsartan/5-FU combination. The plausible mechanism for this is via the induction of ROS and down-regulation of SOD, thiol/catalase as well as VEGF. Valsartan may protect cells against intestinal fibrosis by modulation of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory factors including interleukins and Col1A1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that targeting RAS pathway using Valsartan interferes with cell-proliferation, induces apoptosis, reduces migration and synergistically interacts with 5-FU, supporting further studies on this new therapeutic approach for colorectal cancer.

Molecular Targets of Curcumin and Its Therapeutic Potential for Ovarian Cancer.

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common gynecological cancer in women globally. Conventional chemotherapy is the first therapeutic approach in the treatment of ovarian cancer, but its success is limited by severe side effects, transient response, and the high prevalence of relapse. Curcumin is a natural product found in the rhizome extract of Curcuma longa and has been extensively used over the last decades for its unique biological and medicinal properties, which include: having antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammation, and anti-tumor activities. Curcumin exerts its anticancer properties against ovarian cancer via multiple mechanisms: interfering with cellular interactions necessary for metastasis and recurrence of OC cells, increasing pro-apoptotic proteins as well as inducing or suppressing generation of different molecules such as cytokines, transcription factors, enzymes, protein kinases, and growth factors. Moreover, curcumin down-regulates various signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, Wnt/ß-catenin, JAK/STAT3, and MEK/ERK1/2 axes, which at least in part have a role in inhibiting further tumor proliferation, growth, and angiogenesis. In this review, we overview the potential of incorporating curcumin into the treatment of ovarian cancer. In particular, we summarize the preclinical evidence supporting its use in combination with current chemotherapeutic regimens as well as new analogues and formulations under investigation.

Delivery of oxaliplatin to colorectal cancer cells by folate-targeted UiO-66-NH2.

Oxaliplatin is being used in different malignancies and several side effects are reported for patients taking Oxaliplatin, including peripheral neuropathy, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, mouth sores, low blood counts, fatigue, loss of appetite, etc. Here we have developed a targeted anticancer drug delivery system based on folate-conjugated amine-functionalized UiO-66 for the delivery of oxaliplatin (OX). UiO-66-NH2 (U) and UiO-66-NH2-FA(FU) were pre-functionalized by the incorporation of folic acid (FA) into the structure via coordination of the carboxylate group of FA. The FTIR spectra of drug-loaded U and FU showed the presence of new carboxylic and aliphatic groups of OX and FA. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns were matched accordingly with the reference pattern and FESEM results showed semi-spherical particles (115-128 nm). The evaluated amounts of OX in U and FU were calculated 304.5 and 293 mg/g, respectively. The initial burst release of OX was 15.7% per hour for U(OX) and 10.8% per hour for FU(OX). The final release plateau gives 62.9% and 52.3% for U(OX) and FU(OX). To evaluate the application of the prepared delivery platform, they were tested on colorectal cancer cells (CT-26) via MTT assay, cell migration assay, and spheroid model. IC50 values obtained from MTT assay were 21.38, 95.50, and 18.20 µg/mL for OX, U(OX), and FU(OX), respectively. After three days of treatment, the CT26 spheroids at two doses of 500 and 50 µg/mL of U(OX) and FU(OX) showed volume reduction. Moreover, the oxidative behavior of the prepared systems within the cell was assessed by total thiol, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase activity. The results showed that FU(OX) had higher efficacy in preventing the growth of CT-26 spheroid, and was more effective than oxaliplation in cell migration inhibition, and induced higher oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Novel oral transforming growth factor-ß signaling inhibitor potently inhibits postsurgical adhesion band formation.

Here, we have investigated the therapeutic potency of EW-7197, a transforming growth factor-ß type I receptor kinase inhibitor, against postsurgical adhesion band formation. Our results showed that this pharmacological inhibitor prevented the frequency and the stability of adhesion bands in mice model. We have also shown that downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, reduce submucosal edema, attenuation of proinflammatory cell infiltration, inhibition of oxidative stress, decrease in excessive collagen deposition, and suppression of profibrotic genes at the site of surgery are some of the mechanisms by which EW-7197 elicits its protective responses against adhesion band formation. These results clearly suggest that EW-7197 has novel therapeutic properties against postsurgical adhesion band formation with clinically translational potential of inhibiting key pathological responses of inflammation and fibrosis in postsurgery patients.

Intraperitoneal Administration of Telmisartan Prevents Postsurgical Adhesion Band Formation.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have a potential role in reducing inflammation and fibrosis. We have integrated systems and molecular biology approaches to investigate the therapeutic potential of ARBs in preventing postsurgical adhesion band formation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we have followed the ARRIVE guidelines point by point during experimental studies. Telmisartan (1 and 9 mg/kg), valsartan (1 and 9 mg/kg), and losartan (1 and 10 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally in different groups of male albino Wistar rat. After 7 d of treatment, macroscopic evidence and score of fibrotic bands based on scaling methods was performed. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory and antifibrosis effects of telmisartan on reduction of fibrotic bands were investigated by using histopathology, ELISA, and real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. RESULTS: Telmisartan, but not losartan or valsartan, prevented the frequency as well as the stability of adhesion bands. Telmisartan appears to elicit anti-inflammatory responses by attenuating submucosal edema, suppressing proinflammatory cytokines, decreasing proinflammatory cell infiltration, and inhibiting oxidative stress at the site of peritoneal surgery. We also showed that telmisartan prevents fibrotic adhesion band formation by reducing excessive collagen deposition and suppression of profibrotic genes expression at the peritoneum adhesion tissues. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the potential application of telmisartan in preventing postsurgical adhesion band formation by inhibiting key pathologic responses of inflammation and fibrosis in postsurgery patients.

EW-7197 prevents ulcerative colitis-associated fibrosis and inflammation.

EW-7197 is a transforming growth factor-ß type I receptor kinase inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties. Here, we investigate the potential therapeutic effects of EW-7197 in a murine model of ulcerative colitis. EW-7197 attenuated the colitis disease activity index by improving rectal bleeding, body weight, and degree of stool consistency. EW-7197 also reduced colorectal tissue damage and the colon histopathological score by reducing crypt loss, mucosal damage, and tissue inflammation. Moreover, EW-7197 appeared to ameliorate the inflammatory and fibrotic responses by reducing oxidative stress, reducing submucosal edema and inflammatory cell infiltration, downregulating proinflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes, and inhibiting excessive collagen deposition in inflamed and fibrotic ulcerative colitis tissues. These results suggest that EW-7197 has potentially useful therapeutic properties against colitis, with clinically translational potential of inhibiting key pathological responses of inflammation and fibrosis in patients with colitis.

The effects of thymoquinone on hippocampal cytokine level, brain oxidative stress status and memory deficits induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to determine the protective effects of thymoquinone (TQ) on brain tissues oxidative stress status, hippocampal cytokine level, and learning and memory deficits induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. METHODS: Animals were randomly divided into the following groups and treated: (1) Control (saline), (2) LPS (1mg/kg i.p.), (3-5) 2, 5 or 10mg/kg TQ extract 30min before LPS injection. The treatment was started since two weeks before the behavioral experiments and continued during the behavioral tests (LPS injected 2h before each behavioral experiment). Finally, the brains were removed for biochemical assessments. RESULTS: Morris water maze (MWM) test results showed that LPS increased escape latency compared to control group whereas TQ decreased them vs. LPS group. In passive avoidance (PA) test, LPS reduced the latency to enter the dark compartment vs. control group, while TQ treatment attenuated this effect of LPS. Additionally, LPS increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) in the hippocampal tissues. It also elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites and decreased thiol content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in both hippocampus and cortex vs. control group, while TQ decreased IL-6, TNF-α, MDA and NO metabolites and increased thiol content, SOD and CAT compared to LPS group. CONCLUSION: Findings of current study indicated that TQ improved LPS-induced learning and memory impairments induced by LPS in rats by attenuating the hippocampal cytokine levels and brain tissues oxidative damage.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: Key regulators of tumor progression and growth.

One of the main causes of death on the globe is cancer. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors, including PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ, which are important in regulating cancer cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and tumor growth. Activation of PPARs by endogenous or synthetic compounds regulates tumor progression in various tissues. Although each PPAR isotype suppresses or promotes tumor development depending on the specific tissues or ligands, the mechanism is still unclear. PPARs are receiving interest as possible therapeutic targets for a number of disorders. Numerous clinical studies are being conducted on PPARs as possible therapeutic targets for cancer. Therefore, this review will focus on the existing and future uses of PPARs agonists and antagonists in treating malignancies. PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases were searched regarding the effect of PPARs on various types of cancers until the end of May 2023. The results of the review articles showed the therapeutic influence of PPARs on a wide range of cancer on in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. However, further experimental and clinical studies are needed to be conducted on the influence of PPARs on various cancers.

The therapeutic potential of Wild Bitter Melon to ameliorate muscle atrophy in a murine model.

Objective: Muscle atrophy due to immobility is a common complication of many diseases and a consequence of therapeutic processes. Immobility and inactivity have been shown to be associated with increased inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of Wild Bitter Melon (WBM) (Momordica charantia Linn) on muscle atrophy due to immobility in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: This study was performed in two phases of atrophy and recovery on male BALB/c mice which were divided into 3 groups: control, immobilized, and experimental. The treatment period with WBM at a dose of 400 mg/kg daily by gavage was 17 days, including 7 days of being immobilized and 10 days of recovery. At the end of each phase, half of the mice from each group were examined regarding the four limb grip strength, and then histological and biochemical analyses were done. Results: The tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) oxidative stress index in the atrophy phase in the atrophy group (5.4567±0.522) nmol/g compared to the control group (3.455±0.065) nmol significantly (p 0.001) <) increased. Also, the tissue level of MDA in the WBM group (3.87±0.035) showed a significant decrease compared to the atrophy group (p<0.01). The strength percentage of four limbs in the mice of the treatment group (-23.46±2.45) was significantly higher than that of the atrophy group (-30.60±3.15) at the end of the atrophy phase. Conclusion: The results suggest that the use of WBM reduces the degree of inflammation, oxidative stress and muscle damage, as well as muscle atrophy, which may improve the muscle atrophy in mice.

Oenothera biennis improves pregnancy outcomes by suppressing inflammation and fibrosis in an intra-uterine adhesion rat model.

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA), also referred to as Asherman's syndrome, is characterized by fibrosis, inflammation, and can cause amenorrhea and infertility due to abnormal endometrial healing. Histological and Molecular methods were used to evaluate the efficacy of EPO, which is traditionally known for its anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic properties, in preventing the formation of IUA. Oral administration of EPO reduced the formation of adhesion bands and promoted endometrial regeneration. EPO administration decreased extracellular matrix accumulation, evidenced by the down-regulation of tissue COL1A1 and COL3A1 expression. The anti-inflammatory effect of EPO was confirmed by a reduction in oxidants and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-1ß. Furthermore, EPO improved embryonic development parameters, including size and weight of embryo, as well as increased embryo count and live embryo percentage in the rat IUA model. EPO also positively enhanced implantation markers, particularly enlargement and mass gain in the placenta of the treated group, consequently improving pregnancy outcomes such as the number of babies, percent of live babies, baby weight and gestation time. Histopathological investigation provides evidence that oral administration of EPO showed no toxicity on the main three organs including liver, kidney and heart. These results showed that EPO can be considered as a safe and natural product with potent anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic properties without any observed side effects for the treatment of IUA.

The therapeutic potential of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril to ameliorate muscle atrophy in a murine model.

Muscle atrophy due to limb immobilization and inactivity is a common consequence of many diseases and treatment processes. One of the systems activated in inflammatory conditions is the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of one of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, enalapril, on improving muscle atrophy caused by immobility. The study was conducted in three groups: a control, an atrophy, and an atrophy group treated with enalapril on Balb/c mice. After tying a splint to cause atrophy in one of the legs, daily treatment with enalapril intraperitoneally (dissolved in DMSO) at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day was done for 7 days. On the eighth day, the splint was opened and half of the mice were evaluated. Then, in the recovery phase, treatment with enalapril was continued in the remaining mice for 10 days without a splint. At the end of each phase, the mice were examined for the muscle strength of the lower limb muscles, and histological and biochemical analyses were subsequently carried out. The tissue level of the oxidative stress index MDA was evaluated, which showed a significantly lower level in the enalapril group compared to the atrophy group (*P<0.1). Also, inflammatory factors in the enalapril group showed a decrease compared to the atrophy group. The strength of four limbs in the mice of the treatment group (-18.36 ± 1.70 %) was significantly higher than that of the atrophy group (-30.33 ± 3 %) at the end of the atrophy phase and also after 10 days of recovery. The results suggest that the use of enalapril that reduces the activation of angiotensin II-dependent pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory pathways may improve the functional disorder and muscle necrosis in the murine model of muscle atrophy.

PeptiHub: a curated repository of precisely annotated cancer-related peptides with advanced utilities for peptide exploration and discovery.

Peptihub (https://bioinformaticscollege.ir/peptihub/) is a meticulously curated repository of cancer-related peptides (CRPs) that have been documented in scientific literature. A diverse collection of CRPs is included in the PeptiHub, showcasing a spectrum of effects and activities. While some peptides demonstrated significant anticancer efficacy, others exhibited no discernible impact, and some even possessed alternative non-drug functionalities, including drug carrier or carcinogenic attributes. Presently, Peptihub houses 874 CRPs, subjected to evaluation across 10 distinct organism categories, 26 organs, and 438 cell lines. Each entry in the database is accompanied by easily accessible 3D conformations, obtained either experimentally or through predictive methodology. Users are provided with three search frameworks offering basic, advanced, and BLAST sequence search options. Furthermore, precise annotations of peptides enable users to explore CRPs based on their specific activities (anticancer, no effect, insignificant effect, carcinogen, and others) and their effectiveness (rate and IC50) under cancer conditions, specifically within individual organs. This unique property facilitates the construction of robust training and testing datasets. Additionally, PeptiHub offers 1141 features with the convenience of selecting the most pertinent features to address their specific research questions. Features include aaindex1 (in six main subcategories: alpha propensities, beta propensity, composition indices, hydrophobicity, physicochemical properties, and other properties), amino acid composition (Amino acid Composition and Dipeptide Composition), and Grouped Amino Acid Composition (Grouped amino acid composition, Grouped dipeptide composition, and Conjoint triad) categories. These utilities not only speed up machine learning-based peptide design but also facilitate peptide classification. Database URL: https://bioinformaticscollege.ir/peptihub/.

Influence of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors on the Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are mainly known as anti-hypertensive drugs. Recent evidence suggests their anti-tumor potential against renal cancer. More than one-fourth of patients present with metastasis on their first visit. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to examine the potential clinical impact of ACEI/ARB on metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). METHODS: We searched through several online databases, including Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, to find clinical studies that have investigated the association between treatment with ACEI/ARB and the survival of patients with mRCC. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were utilized to assess the strength of the association. RESULTS: A total of 6 studies with a total number of 2,364 patients were found eligible for the final analysis. The HR for the relationship between ACEI/ARB use and overall survival (OS) showed patients undergoing treatment with ACEI/ARB to have higher OS than non-users (HR: 0.664, 95% CI 0.577-0.764, p=0.000). Furthermore, the HR for the relationship between ACEI/ARB use and progression-free survival (PFS) showed patients undergoing treatment with ACEI/ARB to have higher PFS than non-users (HR: 0.734, 95% CI 0.695-0.794, p=0.000). CONCLUSION: The results of this review offer ACEI/ARB as a potential therapeutic option associated with improved survival outcomes in patients receiving anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.

Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist, Valsartan, Has Beneficial Effect in Lung Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer Treated with Fluorouracil.

PURPOSE: Lung metastasis is the main cause of death in patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Angiotensin II has been confirmed to facilitate cancer cell progression and metastasis. In this study, the possible anti-metastatic effects of an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) antagonist, valsartan, have been investigated in an experimental CRC lung metastasis model. METHODS: An animal CRC lung metastasis model was used, involving intravenous injection of CRC cells. The experimental groups included (1) control group; (2) 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) group (5 mg/kg/every other day; ip); (3) valsartan group (40 mg/kg/day; po); and (4) valsartan + 5-FU group (combination group; valsartan 40 mg/kg/day, oral gavage, and 5-FU 5 mg/kg/every other day; ip). After 11 days, macroscopic and histological evaluations of lung tissues have been done for evaluation of lung metastatic nodules. In addition, inflammatory and angiogenic markers and oxidative stress index were measured in lung tissue. RESULTS: Our results showed that administration of valsartan especially in combination with 5-FU significantly reduced lung metastatic nodule and metastatic area (p < 0.05) in macroscopic and histological evaluations stained by hematoxylin-eosin. Measurement of inflammatory, angiogenic, and oxidative/antioxidative markers in lung tissue indicated that the level of IL-6, angiogenic markers (VEGF and VEGFR-1), and antioxidative markers significantly reduced in combination group (p < 0.05) while the MDA as a marker of oxidative stress increased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that valsartan in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents can have a synergistic effect in treatment of lung metastasis of CRC.

Anticancer activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa derived peptide with iRGD in colon cancer therapy.

Objectives: Colon cancer is well-known as a life-threatening disease. Since the current treatment modalities for this type of cancer are powerful yet face some limitations, finding novel treatments is required to achieve better outcomes with fewer side effects. Here we investigated the therapeutic potential of Azurin-p28 alone or along with iRGD (Ac-CRGDKGPDC-amide) as a tumor-penetrating peptide and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for colon cancer. Materials and Methods: Inhibitory effect of p28 with or without iRGD/5-FU was studied in CT26 and HT29, as well as the xenograft animal model of cancer. The effect of p28 alone or along with iRGD/5-FU on cell migration, apoptotic activity, and cell cycle of the cell lines was assessed. Level of the BAX and BCL2 genes, tumor suppressor genes [(p53 and collagen type-Iα1 (COL1A1), collagen type-Iα2 (COL1A2)] were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. Results: These findings show that using p28 with or without iRGD and 5-FU raised the level of p53 and BAX but decreased BCL2, compared with control and 5-FU groups in tissues of the tumor, which result in raising the apoptosis. Conclusion: It seems that p28 may be used as a new therapeutic approach in colon cancer therapy that can enhance the anti-tumor effect of 5-FU.

Two-dimensional-Ti3C2 magnetic nanocomposite for targeted cancer chemotherapy.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women, so novel therapeutic approaches are needed to improve the effectiveness of current therapies or extend their activity. In recent decades, graphene analogs, such as Mxene, an emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) graphene analogs, have been drawing considerable attention based on their intrinsic physicochemical properties and performance as potential candidates for tumor therapy, particularly for therapeutic purposes. Here we explored the targeted drug delivery in cervical cancer in in vivo model. Mxene-based nanocarriers are not able to be precisely controlled in cancer treatment. Method: To solve this problem, the titanium carbide-magnetic core-shell nanocarrier (Ti3C2-Fe3O4@SiO2-FA) is also developed to provide synergetic anticancer with magnetic controlling ability along with pH-responsive drug release. A xenograft model of the cervix was used to investigate the effects of Cisplatin alone, or in combination with Ti3C2@FA and Ti3C2@ Fe3O4@SiO2-FA, on tumor growth following histological staining for evaluation of necrosis. Result and Discussion: A significant tumor-growth suppression effect is shown when the Ti3C2-Fe3O4@SiO2-FA nanocarrier is magnetically controlled Cisplatin drug release. It reveals a synergistic therapeutic efficacy used in conjunction with pharmaceuticals (p < .001). According to the in vivo study, the Ti3C2@FA@Cisplatin nanocomposite exhibits less tumor growth than the drug alone or Ti3C2@FA@Cisplatin via increasing necrosis effect (p < .001). Through this study, Mxene nanosheets are expanded for biomedical applications, not only through the fabrication of biocompatible magnetic Mxene nanocomposite but also through the development of functionalization strategies that enable the magnetic Ti3C2 nanocomposite to load high levels of Cisplatin for cervical cancer treatment (242.5%). Hence, Ti3C2-Fe3O4@SiO2-FA nanocarriers would be promising candidates to improve cancer treatment efficiency.

Vactosertib potently improves anti-tumor properties of 5-FU for colon cancer.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that the TGF-ß signaling pathway plays a critical role in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. The aim of the current study is to investigate the therapeutic potential of Vactosertib (EW-7197), a selective inhibitor of TGF-ß receptor type I, either alone or in combination with the standard first-line chemotherapeutic treatment, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), in CRC progression in both cellular and animal models. METHODS: Real-Time PCR, Zymography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) tissue staining, and Flow cytometry techniques were applied to determine the anti-tumor properties of this novel TGF-ß inhibitor in in vitro (CT-26 cell line) and in vivo (inbred BALB/C mice) samples. RESULTS: Our findings showed that Vactosertib decreased cell proliferation and induced spheroid shrinkage. Moreover, this inhibitor suppressed the cell cycle and its administration either alone or in combination with 5-FU induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of p53 and BAX proteins. It also improved 5-FU anti-cancer effects by decreasing the tumor volume and weight, increasing tumor necrosis, and regulating tumor fibrosis and inflammation in an animal model. Vactosertib also enhanced the inhibitory effect of 5-FU on invasive behavior of CRC cells by upregulating the expression of E-cadherin and inhibiting MMP-9 enzymatic activity. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrating the potent anti-tumor effects of Vactosertib against CRC progression. Our results clearly suggest that this inhibitor could be a promising agent reducing CRC tumor progression when administered either alone or in combination with standard treatment in CRC patients.

Dual targeting of TGF-ß and PD-L1 inhibits tumor growth in TGF-ß/PD-L1-driven colorectal carcinoma.

Immunosuppressive factors within the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß), constitute a crucial hindrance to immunotherapeutic approaches in colorectal cancer (CRC). Furthermore, immune checkpoint factors (e.g., programmed death-ligand 1 [PD-L1]) inhibit T-cell proliferation and activation. To cope with the inhibitory effect of immune checkpoints, the therapeutic value of dual targeting PD-L1 and TGF-ß pathways via M7824 plus 5-FU in CRC has been evaluated. Integrative-systems biology approaches and RNAseq were used to assess the differential level of genes associated with 88 metastatic-CRC patients. The level of PD-L1 and TGF-ß was evaluated in a validation cohort. The anti-proliferative, migratory, and apoptotic effects of PD-L1/TGF-ß inhibitor, M7824, were assessed by MTT, wound-healing assay, and flow cytometry. Anti-tumor activity was assessed in a xenograft model, followed by biochemical studies and histological staining, and gene/protein expression analyses by RT-PCR and ELISA/IHC. The result of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis showed 1268 upregulated and 1074 downregulated genes in CRC patients. Among the highest scoring genes and dysregulated pathways associated with CRC, PD-L1, and TGF-ß were identified and further validated in 92 CRC patients. Targeting of PD-L1-TGF-ß inhibited cell growth and migration, associated with modulation of CyclinD1 and MMP9. Furthermore, M7824 inhibited tumor growth via targeting TGF-ß and PD-L1 pathways, resulting in modulation of inflammatory response and fibrosis via TNF-α/IL6/CD4-8 and COL1A1/1A2, respectively. In conclusion, our data illustrated that co-targeting PD-L1 and TGF-ß pathways increased the effect of Fluorouracil (5-FU) and reduced the tumor growth in PD-L1/TGF-ß expressing tumors, providing a new therapeutic option in the treatment of CRC.

Targeting transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) using Pirfenidone, a potential repurposing therapeutic strategy in colorectal cancer.

The modulating factors within the tumor microenvironment, for example, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß), may limit the response to chemo and immunotherapy protocols in colorectal cancer (CRC). In the current study, the therapeutic potential of targeting the TGF-ß pathway using Pirfenidone (PFD), a TGF-ß inhibitor, either alone or in combination with five fluorouracil (5-FU) has been explored in preclinical models of CRC. The anti-proliferative and migratory effects of PFD were assessed by MTT and wound-healing assays respectively. Xenograft models were used to study the anti-tumor activity, histopathological, and side effects analysis. Targeting of TGF-ß resulted in suppression of cell proliferation and migration, associated with modulation of survivin and MMP9/E-cadherin. Moreover, the PFD inhibited TGF-ß induced tumor progression, fibrosis, and inflammatory response through perturbation of collagen and E-cadherin. Targeting the TGF-ß pathway using PFD may increase the anti-tumor effects of 5-FU and reduce tumor development, providing a new therapeutic approach to CRC treatment.