Target-specific modulation of the descending prefrontal cortex inputs to the dorsal raphe nucleus by cannabinoids.

Serotonin (5-HT) neurons located in the raphe nuclei modulate a wide range of behaviors by means of an expansive innervation pattern. In turn, the raphe receives a vast array of synaptic inputs, and a remaining challenge lies in understanding how these individual inputs are organized, processed, and modulated in this nucleus to contribute ultimately to the core coding features of 5-HT neurons. The details of the long-range, top-down control exerted by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are of particular interest, in part, because of its purported role in stress processing and mood regulation. Here, we found that the mPFC provides a direct monosynaptic, glutamatergic drive to both DRN 5-HT and GABA neurons and that this architecture was conducive to a robust feed-forward inhibition. Remarkably, activation of cannabinoid (CB) receptors differentially modulated the mPFC inputs onto these cell types in the DRN, in effect regulating the synaptic excitatory/inhibitory balance governing the excitability of 5-HT neurons. Thus, the CB system dynamically reconfigures the processing features of the DRN, a mood-related circuit believed to provide a concerted and distributed regulation of the excitability of large ensembles of brain networks.

Time-dependent modulation of glutamate synapses onto 5-HT neurons by antidepressant treatment.

Antidepressants, including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are thought to exert their clinical effects by enhancing serotonin (5-HT) transmission. However, animal studies show that the full magnitude of this enhancement is reached only following prolonged treatments with SSRIs, consistent with the well-described therapeutic delay of this class of medications. Thus, the clinical efficacy of SSRIs most likely does not emerge from their acute pharmacological actions, but rather indirectly from cellular alterations that develop over the course of a sustained treatment. Here, we show that sustained administration of the SSRI citalopram leads to a homeostatic-like increase in the strength of excitatory glutamate synapses onto 5-HT neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus that was apparent following one week of treatment. A shorter treatment with citalopram rather induced a paradoxical decrease in the strength of these synapses, which manifested itself by both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. As such, these results show that an SSRI treatment induced a concerted and time-dependent modulation of the synaptic drive of 5-HT neurons, which are known to be critically involved in mood regulation. This regulation, and its time course, provide a mechanistic framework that may be relevant not only for explaining the therapeutic delay of antidepressants, but also for the perplexing increases in suicide risks reportedly occurring early in the course of antidepressant treatments.