RESUMO
While Chile's partial decriminalization of abortion in 2017 was a long overdue recognition of women's sexual and reproductive rights, nearly four years later the caseload remains well below expectations. This pattern is the product of standing barriers in access to abortion-related health services, especially at the primary care point of entry. This study seeks to identify and describe these barriers. The findings presented here were obtained through a qualitative, exploratory study based on 19 semi-structured interviews with relevant actors identified through non-random sampling and snowballing techniques. Coding was inductive and complemented by semantic content analysis. The authors find that the key barriers in primary care to accessing legal abortion are unfamiliarity with the law, insufficient practitioner training, intersectoral discrimination, and the stigma surrounding abortion. They conclude that the government needs to exercise its constitutional mandate as guarantor of public health and act promptly to safeguard and guarantee the abortion rights of Chilean women.
Assuntos
Aborto Induzido , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Chile , Aborto Legal , Atenção Primária à SaúdeRESUMO
Domain swapping is a mechanism of protein oligomerization by which two or more subunits exchange structural elements to generate an intertwined complex. Numerous studies support a diversity of swapping mechanisms in which structural elements can be exchanged at different stages of the folding pathway of a subunit. Here, we used single-molecule optical tweezers technique to analyze the swapping mechanism of the forkhead DNA-binding domain of human transcription factor FoxP1. FoxP1 populates folded monomers in equilibrium with a swapped dimer. We generated a fusion protein linking two FoxP1 domains in tandem to obtain repetitive mechanical folding and unfolding trajectories. Thus, by stretching the same molecule several times, we detected either the independent folding of each domain or the elusive swapping step between domains. We found that a swapped dimer can be formed directly from fully or mostly folded monomer. In this situation, the interaction between the monomers in route to the domain-swapped dimer is the rate-limiting step. This approach is a useful strategy to test the different proposed domain swapping mechanisms for proteins with relevant physiological functions.
Assuntos
Pinças Ópticas , Dobramento de Proteína , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Humanos , Substâncias Macromoleculares , Domínios Proteicos , Proteínas , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismoRESUMO
The association of two or more proteins to adopt a quaternary complex is one of the most widespread mechanisms by which protein function is modulated. In this scenario, three-dimensional domain swapping (3D-DS) constitutes one plausible pathway for the evolution of protein oligomerization that exploits readily available intramolecular contacts to be established in an intermolecular fashion. However, analysis of the oligomerization kinetics and thermodynamics of most extant 3D-DS proteins shows its dependence on protein unfolding, obscuring the elucidation of the emergence of 3D-DS during evolution, its occurrence under physiological conditions, and its biological relevance. Here, we describe the human FoxP subfamily of transcription factors as a feasible model to study the evolution of 3D-DS, due to their significantly faster dissociation and dimerization kinetics and lower dissociation constants in comparison to most 3D-DS models. Through the biophysical and functional characterization of FoxP proteins, relevant structural aspects highlighting the evolutionary adaptations of these proteins to enable efficient 3D-DS have been ascertained. Most biophysical studies on FoxP suggest that the dynamics of the polypeptide chain are crucial to decrease the energy barrier of 3D-DS, enabling its fast oligomerization under physiological conditions. Moreover, comparison of biophysical parameters between human FoxP proteins in the context of their minute sequence differences suggests differential evolutionary strategies to favor homoassociation and presages the possibility of heteroassociations, with direct impacts in their gene regulation function.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Animais , Dimerização , Humanos , Cinética , Modelos Moleculares , Desdobramento de Proteína , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
The hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate kinases (HMPPK) encoded by the thiD gene are involved in the thiamine biosynthesis pathway, can perform two consecutive phosphorylations of 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl pyrimidine (HMP) and are found in thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria, but only a few characterizations of mesophilic enzymes are available. The presence of another homolog enzyme (pyridoxal kinase) that can only catalyze the first phosphorylation of HMP and encoded by pdxK gene, has hampered a precise annotation in this enzyme family. Here we report the kinetic characterization of two HMPPK with structure available, the mesophilic and thermophilic enzyme from Salmonella typhimurium (StHMPPK) and Thermus thermophilus (TtHMPPK), respectively. Also, given their high structural similarity, we have analyzed the structural determinants of protein thermal stability in these enzymes by molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that pyridoxal kinases (PLK) from gram-positive bacteria (PLK/HMPPK-like enzymes) constitute a phylogenetically separate group from the canonical PLK, but closely related to the HMPPK, so the PLK/HMPPK-like and canonical PLK, both encoded by pdxK genes, are different and must be annotated distinctly. The kinetic characterization of StHMPPK and TtHMPPK, shows that they perform double phosphorylation on HMP, both enzymes are specific for HMP, not using pyridoxal-like molecules as substrates and their kinetic mechanism involves the formation of a ternary complex. Molecular dynamics simulation shows that StHMPPK and TtHMPPK have striking differences in their conformational flexibility, which can be correlated with the hydrophobic packing and electrostatic interaction network given mainly by salt bridge bonds, but interestingly not by the number of hydrogen bond interactions as reported for other thermophilic enzymes. ENZYMES: EC 2.7.1.49, EC 2.7.4.7, EC 2.7.1.35, EC 2.7.1.50.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Fosfato)/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Ensaios Enzimáticos , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Cinética , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Fosfato)/isolamento & purificação , Conformação Proteica , Estabilidade Proteica , Pirimidinas/química , Salmonella typhimurium/enzimologia , Eletricidade Estática , Especificidade por Substrato , Thermus thermophilus/enzimologiaRESUMO
DNA staining in gels has historically been carried out using silver staining and fluorescent dyes like ethidium bromide and SYBR Green I (SGI). Using fluorescent dyes allows recovery of the analyte, but requires instruments such as a transilluminator or fluorimeter to visualize the DNA. Here we described a new and simple method that allows DNA visualization to the naked eye by generating a colored precipitate. It works by soaking the acrylamide or agarose DNA gel in SGI and nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) solution that, when exposed to sunlight, produces a purple insoluble formazan precipitate that remains in the gel after exposure to light. A calibration curve made with a DNA standard established a detection limit of approximately 180 pg/band at 500 bp. Selectivity of this assay was determined using different biomolecules, demonstrating a high selectivity for DNA. Integrity and functionality of the DNA recovered from gels was determined by enzymatic cutting with a restriction enzyme and by transforming competent cells after the different staining methods, respectively. Our method showed the best performance among the dyes employed. Based on its specificity, low cost and its adequacy for field work, this new methodology has enormous potential benefits to research and industry.
Assuntos
DNA Bacteriano/química , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida/métodos , Escherichia coli/química , Nitroazul de Tetrazólio/química , Plasmídeos/química , Coloração e Rotulagem/métodos , Benzotiazóis , Diaminas , Compostos Orgânicos/química , QuinolinasRESUMO
The forkhead family of transcription factors (Fox) controls gene transcription during key processes such as regulation of metabolism, embryogenesis, and immunity. Structurally, Fox proteins feature a conserved DNA-binding domain known as forkhead. Interestingly, solved forkhead structures of members from the P subfamily (FoxP) show that they can oligomerize by three-dimensional domain swapping, whereby structural elements are exchanged between adjacent subunits, leading to an intertwined dimer. Recent evidence has largely stressed the biological relevance of domain swapping in FoxP, as several disease-causing mutations have been related to impairment of this process. Here, we explore the equilibrium folding and binding mechanism of the forkhead domain of wild-type FoxP1, and of two mutants that hinder DNA-binding (R53H) and domain swapping (A39P), using size-exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Our results show that domain swapping of FoxP1 occurs at micromolar protein concentrations within hours of incubation and is energetically favored, in contrast to classical domain-swapping proteins. Also, DNA-binding mutations do not significantly affect domain swapping. Remarkably, equilibrium unfolding of dimeric FoxP1 follows a three-state N2 â 2I â 2U folding mechanism in which dimer dissociation into a monomeric intermediate precedes protein unfolding, in contrast to the typical two-state model described for most domain-swapping proteins, whereas the A39P mutant follows a two-state N â U folding mechanism consistent with the second transition observed for dimeric FoxP1. Also, the free-energy change of the N â U in A39P FoxP1 is â¼2 kcalâ mol(-1) larger than the I â U transition of both wild-type and R53H FoxP1. Finally, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry reveals that the intermediate strongly resembles the native state. Our results suggest that domain swapping in FoxP1 is at least partially linked to monomer folding stability and follows an unusual three-state folding mechanism, which might proceed via transient structural changes rather than requiring complete protein unfolding as do most domain-swapping proteins.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Cromatografia em Gel , Dicroísmo Circular , Escherichia coli , Humanos , Hidrodinâmica , Espectrometria de Massas , Mutação , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Dobramento de Proteína , Multimerização Proteica , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase-2 (Pfk-2) is an obligate homodimer that follows a highly cooperative three-state folding mechanism N2 â 2I â 2U. The strong coupling between dissociation and unfolding is a consequence of the structural features of its interface: a bimolecular domain formed by intertwining of the small domain of each subunit into a flattened ß-barrel. Although isolated monomers of E. coli Pfk-2 have been observed by modification of the environment (changes in temperature, addition of chaotropic agents), no isolated subunits in native conditions have been obtained. Based on in silico estimations of the change in free energy and the local energetic frustration upon binding, we engineered a single-point mutant to destabilize the interface of Pfk-2. This mutant, L93A, is an inactive monomer at protein concentrations below 30 µM, as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation, dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, small-angle x-ray scattering, and enzyme kinetics. Active dimer formation can be induced by increasing the protein concentration and by addition of its substrate fructose-6-phosphate. Chemical and thermal unfolding of the L93A monomer followed by circular dichroism and dynamic light scattering suggest that it unfolds noncooperatively and that the isolated subunit is partially unstructured and marginally stable. The detailed structural features of the L93A monomer and the F6P-induced dimer were ascertained by high-resolution hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Our results show that the isolated subunit has overall higher solvent accessibility than the native dimer, with the exception of residues 240-309. These residues correspond to most of the ß-meander module and show the same extent of deuterium uptake as the native dimer. Our results support the idea that the hydrophobic core of the isolated monomer of Pfk-2 is solvent-penetrated in native conditions and that the ß-meander module is not affected by monomerizing mutations.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Escherichia coli/química , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/química , Dobramento de Proteína , Multimerização Proteica , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/genética , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/metabolismo , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Subunidades Proteicas/química , Subunidades Proteicas/genética , Subunidades Proteicas/metabolismoRESUMO
Human ribokinase (RK) is a member of the ribokinase family, and is the first enzyme responsible for D-ribose metabolism, since D-ribose must first be converted into D-ribose-5-phosphate to be further metabolized and incorporated into ATP or other high energy phosphorylated compounds. Despite its biological importance, RK is poorly characterized in eukaryotes and especially in human. We have conducted a comprehensive study involving catalytic and regulatory features of the human enzyme, focusing on divalent and monovalent metal regulatory effects. Mg(2+), Mn(2+), and Co(2+) support enzyme activity although at different rates, with Mn(2+) being the most effective. Analysis of the divalent cation requirement in the wild type enzyme demonstrates that in addition to that chelated by the nucleotide substrate, an activating cation (either Mn(2+) or Mg(2+)) is required to obtain full activity of the enzyme, with the affinity for both divalent cations being almost the same (4 and 8 µM respectively). Besides metal cation activation, inhibition of the enzyme activity by increasing concentrations of Mn(2+) but not Mg(2+) is observed. Also the role of residues N199 and E202 of the highly conserved NXXE motif present at the active site has been evaluated regarding Mg(2+) and phosphate binding. K(+) (but not Na(+)) and PO4 (3-) activate the wild type enzyme, whereas the N199L and E202L mutants display a dramatic decrease in kcat and require higher free Mg(2+) concentrations than the wild type enzyme to reach maximal activity, and the activating effect of PO4 (3-) is lost. The results demonstrated a complex regulation of the human ribokinase activity where residues Asn199 and Glu202 play an important role.
Assuntos
Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/química , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Biocatálise , Sequência Conservada , Humanos , Cinética , Magnésio/química , Manganês/química , Fosfatos/química , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/genética , Cloreto de Potássio/química , Compostos de Potássio/química , Cloreto de Sódio/químicaRESUMO
The human FoxP transcription factors dimerize via three-dimensional domain swapping, a unique feature among the human Fox family, as result of evolutionary sequence adaptations in the forkhead domain. This is the case for the conserved glycine and proline residues in the wing 1 region, which are absent in FoxP proteins but present in most of the Fox family. In this work, we engineered both glycine (G) and proline-glycine (PG) insertion mutants to evaluate the deletion events in FoxP proteins in their dimerization, stability, flexibility, and DNA-binding ability. We show that the PG insertion only increases protein stability, whereas the single glycine insertion decreases the association rate and protein stability and promotes affinity to the DNA ligand.
RESUMO
Transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and gating access to genes. Even when the binding of TFs and their cofactors to DNA is reversible, indicating a reversible control of gene expression, there is little knowledge about the molecular effect DNA has on TFs. Using single-molecule multiparameter fluorescence spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and biochemical assays, we find that the monomeric form of the forkhead (FKH) domain of the human FoxP1 behaves as a disordered protein and increases its folded population when it dimerizes. Notably, DNA binding promotes a disordered FKH dimer bound to DNA, negatively controlling the stability of the dimeric FoxP1:DNA complex. The DNA-mediated reversible regulation on FKH dimers suggests that FoxP1-dependent gene suppression is unstable, and it must require the presence of other dimerization domains or cofactors to revert the negative impact exerted by the DNA.
RESUMO
Phosphofructokinase-2 is a dimeric enzyme that undergoes cold denaturation following a highly cooperative N2 2I mechanism with dimer dissociation and formation of an expanded monomeric intermediate. Here, we use intrinsic fluorescence of a tryptophan located at the dimer interface to show that dimer dissociation occurs slowly, over several hours. We then use hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry experiments, performed by taking time points over the cold denaturation process, to measure amide exchange throughout the protein during approach to the cold denatured state. As expected, a peptide corresponding to the dimer interface became more solvent exposed over time at 3°C; unexpectedly, amide exchange increased throughout the protein over time at 3°C. The rate of increase in amide exchange over time at 3°C was the same for each region and equaled the rate of dimer dissociation measured by tryptophan fluorescence, suggesting that dimer dissociation and formation of the cold denatured intermediate occur without appreciable buildup of folded monomer. The observation that throughout the protein amide exchange increases as phosphofructokinase-2 cold denatures provides experimental evidence for theoretical predictions that cold denaturation primarily occurs by solvent penetration into the hydrophobic core of proteins in a sequence-independent manner.
Assuntos
Temperatura Baixa , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/química , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/química , Desnaturação Proteica , Solventes/química , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/metabolismo , Multimerização Proteica , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Solventes/metabolismoRESUMO
The presence of a regulatory site for monovalent cations that affects the conformation of the MgATP-binding pocket leading to enzyme activation has been demonstrated for ribokinases. This site is selective toward the ionic radius of the monovalent cation, accepting those larger than Na(+). Phosphofructokinase-2 (Pfk-2) from Escherichia coli is homologous to ribokinase, but unlike other ribokinase family members, presents an additional site for the nucleotide that negatively regulates its enzymatic activity. In this work, we show the effect of monovalent cations on the kinetic parameters of Pfk-2 together with its three-dimensional structure determined by x-ray diffraction in the presence of K(+) or Cs(+). Kinetic characterization of the enzyme shows that K(+) and Na(+) alter neither the kcat nor the KM values for fructose-6-P or MgATP. However, the presence of K(+) (but not Na(+)) enhances the allosteric inhibition induced by MgATP. Moreover, binding experiments show that K(+) (but not Na(+)) increases the affinity of MgATP in a saturable fashion. In agreement with the biochemical data, the crystal structure of Pfk-2 obtained in the presence of MgATP shows a cation-binding site at the conserved position predicted for the ribokinase family of proteins. This site is adjacent to the MgATP allosteric binding site and is only observed in the presence of Cs(+) or K(+). These results indicate that binding of the monovalent metal ions indirectly influences the allosteric site of Pfk-2 by increasing its affinity for MgATP with no alteration in the conformation of residues present at the catalytic site.
Assuntos
Trifosfato de Adenosina/farmacologia , Sequência Conservada , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/química , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Domínio Catalítico , Cátions Monovalentes/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Especificidade por Substrato , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
Human FoxP proteins share a highly conserved DNA-binding domain that dimerizes via three-dimensional domain swapping, although showing varying oligomerization propensities among its members. Here, we present an experimental and computational characterization of all human FoxP proteins to unravel how their amino acid substitutions impact their folding and dimerization mechanism. We solved the crystal structure of the forkhead domain of FoxP4 to then perform a comparison across all members, finding that their sequence changes impact not only the structural heterogeneity of their forkhead domains but also the protein-protein association energy barrier. Lastly, we demonstrate that the accumulation of a monomeric intermediate is an oligomerization-dependent feature rather than a common aspect of monomers and dimers in this protein subfamily.
Assuntos
Proteínas Repressoras , Fatores de Transcrição , Humanos , Dimerização , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Domínios Proteicos , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Dobramento de ProteínaRESUMO
Transcription factors regulate gene expression by binding to DNA. They have disordered regions and specific DNA-binding domains. Binding to DNA causes structural changes, including folding and interactions with other molecules. The FoxP subfamily of transcription factors in humans is unique because they can form heterotypic interactions without DNA. However, it is unclear how they form heterodimers and how DNA binding affects their function. We used computational and experimental methods to study the structural changes in FoxP1's DNA-binding domain when it forms a heterodimer with FoxP2. We found that FoxP1 has complex and diverse conformational dynamics, transitioning between compact and extended states. Surprisingly, DNA binding increases the flexibility of FoxP1, contrary to the typical folding-upon-binding mechanism. In addition, we observed a 3-fold increase in the rate of heterodimerization after FoxP1 binds to DNA. These findings emphasize the importance of structural flexibility in promoting heterodimerization to form transcriptional complexes.
RESUMO
Folding studies have been focused mainly on small, single-domain proteins or isolated single domains of larger proteins. However, most of the proteins present in biological systems are composed of multiple domains, and to date, the principles that underlie its folding remain elusive. The unfolding of Pfk-2 induced by GdnHCl has been described by highly cooperative three-state equilibrium (N(2)â2Iâ2U). This is characterized by a strong coupling between the subunits' tertiary structure and the integrity of the dimer interface because "I" represents an unstructured and expanded monomeric intermediate. Here we report that cold and heat unfolding of Pfk-2 resembles the N(2)â2I step of chemically induced unfolding. Moreover, cold unfolding appears to be as cooperative as that induced chemically and even more so than its heat-unfolding counterpart. Because Pfk-2 is a large homodimer of 66 kDa with a complex topology consisting of well-defined domains, these results are somewhat unexpected considering that cold unfolding has been described as a special kind of perturbation that decouples the cooperative unfolding of several proteins.
Assuntos
Temperatura Baixa , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/química , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Temperatura Alta , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/química , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/metabolismo , Desdobramento de Proteína , Dicroísmo Circular , Estabilidade Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Guanidina/farmacologia , Luz , Desnaturação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Multimerização Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Desdobramento de Proteína/efeitos dos fármacos , Espalhamento de RadiaçãoRESUMO
Substrate inhibition by ATP is a regulatory feature of the phosphofructokinases isoenzymes from Escherichia coli (Pfk-1 and Pfk-2). Under gluconeogenic conditions, the loss of this regulation in Pfk-2 causes substrate cycling of fructose-6-phosphate (fructose-6-P) and futile consumption of ATP delaying growth. In the present work, we have broached the mechanism of ATP-induced inhibition of Pfk-2 from both structural and kinetic perspectives. The crystal structure of Pfk-2 in complex with fructose-6-P is reported to a resolution of 2 Å. The comparison of this structure with the previously reported inhibited form of the enzyme suggests a negative interplay between fructose-6-P binding and allosteric binding of MgATP. Initial velocity experiments show a linear increase of the apparent K(0.5) for fructose-6-P and a decrease in the apparent k(cat) as a function of MgATP concentration. These effects occur simultaneously with the induction of a sigmoidal kinetic behavior (n(H) of approximately 2). Differences and resemblances in the patterns of fructose-6-P binding and the mechanism of inhibition are discussed for Pfk-1 and Pfk-2, as an example of evolutionary convergence, because these enzymes do not share a common ancestor.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Escherichia coli/química , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Frutosefosfatos/química , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/química , Trifosfato de Adenosina/química , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica , Domínio Catalítico , Cristalografia por Raios X , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Evolução Molecular , Frutosefosfatos/metabolismo , Cinética , Fosfofrutoquinase-1/química , Fosfofrutoquinase-1/metabolismo , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/metabolismoRESUMO
In 2017, Chile enacted new legislation allowing access to legal abortion on three grounds, including rape. This article summarizes a qualitative, exploratory study that examined the role of primary healthcare services in the treatment of rape survivors in order to identify challenges and strengths in accessing legal abortion. The relevant data was collected through 19 semi-structured interviews conducted with key informants. The angry legislative debate that preceded enactment of the 2017 abortion bill evidenced the presence of strong biases against survivors of sexual violence. At the time, abortion opponents sought, inter alia, to discredit women who report rape, arguing that such claims would be misused to secure illicit abortions. In actual fact, however, rape has turned out to be the least used of all grounds for abortion, with girls and teens making up the smallest group of seekers. This article presents our findings on rape-related issues, notably the biases and shortcomings of medical practitioners regarding the new abortion law. We noted with concern their failure to screen for sexual violence and propensity to stigmatize the victims, a phenomenon that becomes exacerbated when it involves particularly vulnerable populations, such as girls and women who are poor, homeless, migrant, or who abuse alcohol or drugs. We further noted that prevalent stereotypes based on the notion of the ideal victim can revictimize girls and women and work to defeat the intent of the law. In Chile, the primary healthcare system is a key point of entry for abortion. In this highly charged arena, however, lack of political will, compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, have kept health care practitioners from undergoing timely, gender-sensitive training on the new law, a key requirement for ensuring dignified care and respect for women's rights. We conclude that if government policy is to prevent multiple, intersectional discrimination, it must recognize the diversity of women and adapt to their specific contexts and singularities.
RESUMO
The reaction catalyzed by E. coli Pfk-2 presents a dual-cation requirement. In addition to that chelated by the nucleotide substrate, an activating cation is required to obtain full activity of the enzyme. Only Mn(2+) and Mg(2+) can fulfill this role binding to the same activating site but the affinity for Mn(2+) is 13-fold higher compared to that of Mg(2+). The role of the E190 residue, present in the highly conserved motif NXXE involved in Mg(2+) binding, is also evaluated in this behavior. The E190Q mutation drastically diminishes the kinetic affinity of this site for both cations. However, binding studies of free Mn(2+) and metal-Mant-ATP complex through EPR and FRET experiments between the ATP analog and Trp88, demonstrated that Mn(2+) as well as the metal-nucleotide complex bind with the same affinity to the wild type and E190Q mutant Pfk-2. These results suggest that this residue exert its role mainly kinetically, probably stabilizing the transition state and that the geometry of metal binding to E190 residue may be crucial to determine the catalytic competence.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Magnésio/metabolismo , Manganês/metabolismo , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/metabolismo , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Sítios de Ligação , Cátions Bivalentes/química , Cátions Bivalentes/metabolismo , Espectroscopia de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônica , Escherichia coli/genética , Cinética , Magnésio/química , Manganês/química , Mutação , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/química , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/genéticaRESUMO
Phosphofructokinase-2 (Pfk-2) belongs to the ribokinase family and catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, showing allosteric inhibition by a second ATP molecule. Several structures have been deposited on the PDB for this family of enzymes. A structure-based multiple sequence alignment of a non-redundant set of these proteins was used to infer phylogenetic relationships between family members with different specificities and to dissect between globally conserved positions and those common to phosphosugar kinases. We propose that phosphosugar kinases appeared early in the evolution of the ribokinase family. Also, we identified two conserved sequence motifs: the TR motif, not described previously, present in phosphosugar kinases but not in other members of the ribokinase family, and the globally conserved GXGD motif. Site-directed mutagenesis of R90 and D256 present in these motifs, indicate that R90 participates in the binding of the phosphorylated substrate and that D256 is involved in the phosphoryl transfer mechanism.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Escherichia coli/química , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/química , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/genética , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Domínio Catalítico/genética , Sequência Conservada , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Evolução Molecular , Genes Bacterianos , Cinética , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Proteínas Mutantes/química , Proteínas Mutantes/genética , Proteínas Mutantes/metabolismo , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/classificação , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/metabolismo , Filogenia , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Homologia de Sequência de AminoácidosRESUMO
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.